Influence of surface structure on surface analytical statements

The influence of surface structure of technical materials on results and statements of surface analytical methods has been investigated. Especially surface roughness as a typical property of rolled products has been observed. For this purpose samples of steel (technical surface, roughness up to 5 m) and silicon wafers (polished surface) have been analyzed by SNMS and GDOS in order to get information about changes of the surface roughness as function of the sputtering time and their influence on the statements about the depth profiles obtained.     

Photophysical properties of a tetraphenoxy-substituted perylene bisimide derivative characterized by single-molecule spectroscopy.

We present a detailed study of the photophysical properties of a tetraphenoxy-substituted perylene bisimide derivative. The probe molecules were immobilized in a Shpol'skii matrix of hexadecane and investigated by single-molecule spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. By using single-molecule spectroscopic techniques we reveal the triplet substate kinetics and the fluorescence quantum yield, and we provide an estimate for the S1-S0 transition dipole moment.     

Differential thermal analysis - evolved gas analysis of synthetic goethite

Samples of synthetic goethite have been studied by combined DTA-EGA. The total CO₂ content of the samples ranged between 1.0 and 2.7 %wt. The origin of the evolved CO₂ is discussed and it is proposed that the samples contain CO₂ as surface complexes and incorporated in the crystal structure.     

Coordination of 9-ethylguanine to the mixed-ligand compound alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)Cl2] (azpy = 2-phenylazopyridine and bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). An unprecedented ligand positional shift, correlated to the cytotoxicity of this type of [RuL2Cl2] (with L = azpy or bpy) complex

The striking difference in cytotoxic activity between the inactive cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)Cl(2)] and the recently reported highly cytotoxic alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)] (alpha indicating the isomer in which the coordinating Cl atoms, pyridine nitrogens, and azo nitrogens are in mutual cis, trans, cis orientation) encouraged the synthesis of the mixed-ligand compound cis-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)Cl(2)]. The synthesis and characterization of the only occurring isomer, i.e., alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)Cl(2)], 1 (alpha denoting the isomer in which the Cl ligands are cis related to each other and the pyridine ring of azpy is trans to the pyridine ring of bpy), are described. The solid-state structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The IC(50) values obtained for several human tumor cell lines have indicated that compound 1 shows mostly a low to moderate cytotoxicity. The binding of the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine (9-EtGua) to the hydrolyzed species of 1 has been studied and compared to DNA model base binding studies of cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)Cl(2)] and alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)]. The completely hydrolyzed species of 1, i.e., alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)(H(2)O)(2)](2+), has been reacted with 9-EtGua in water at room temperature for 24 h. This resulted in the monofunctional binding of only one 9-EtGua, coordinated via the N7 atom. The product has been isolated as alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)(9-EtGua)(H(2)O)](PF(6))(2), 2, and characterized by 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopy. The NOE data show that the 9-EtGua coordinates (under these conditions) at the position trans to the azo nitrogen atom. Surprisingly, time-dependent (1)H NMR data of the 9-EtGua adduct 2 in acetone-d(6) show an unprecedented positional shift of the 9-EtGua from the position trans to the azo nitrogen to the position trans to the bpy nitrogen atom, resulting in the adduct alpha'-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)(9-EtGua)(H(2)O)](PF(6))(2) (alpha' indicating 9-EtGua is trans to the bpy nitrogen). This positional isomerization of 9-EtGua is correlated to the cytotoxicity of 1 in comparison to both the cytotoxicity and 9-EtGua coordination of cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)Cl(2)], alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)], and beta-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)]. This positional isomerization process is unprecedented in model base metal chemistry and could be of considerable biological significance.     

Bubble-size dependence of the critical electrolyte concentration for inhibition of coalescence

The interaction of pairs of bubbles with equal diameters grown on adjacent capillaries in aqueous magnesium sulfate solutions is observed for varying electrolyte concentrations and bubble diameters. As in previous investigations, a sharp transition from coalescence to bubble detachment without coalescence is observed with increasing electrolyte concentration. The critical electrolyte concentration for this transition is found to increase with decreasing bubble diameter for bubble diameters of 1.4 to 4.2 mm.     

Darstellung und Reaktionen von Selenocarbonyldifluorid und seines cyclischen Dimeren 2,2,4,4-Tetrafluor-1,3-diselenetan [l]

Inhaltsübersicht. Das erstmals hergestellte B(SeCF₃)₃ zerfällt unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Alkalifluoriden zu F₂C=Se und BF₃. In Anwesenheit von BF₃ polymerisiert F₂CSe bereits. bei ?;80°C. Oberhalb 150°C depolymerisiert (F₂CSe)_n wieder zu F₂C=Se und. Durch Halogenaddition an F₂C = Se gewinnt man F₂XCSeX (X = Cl, Br). Das in der Reihe Cl_3–nF_nCSeCl noch fehlende Cl₂FCSeCl wird durch Umsetzung von CSe₂, ClF und Cl₂ synthetisiert. F_nCl_3–nCSeCl (n = 1. 2) liefert mit Zinn die entsprechenden symmetrischen Diselane, mit AgCN die Selenocyanate. Durch Halogenaustausch mit BX₃ (X = Cl, Br) wird umgewandelt. XC(S)Cl reagiert mit Hg(SeCF₃)₂ zu CF₃SeC(S)X (X = F, Cl. CF₃Se). Daraus werden durch Chloraddition die entsprechenden Sulfenylchloride synthetisiert. IR-NMR- und Massenspektren der neu hergestellten Substanzen werden angegeben. Preparation and Reactions of SeCF₂ and its Cyclic Dimer 2,2,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3-diselenetane Abstract. B(SeCF₃)₃, prepared for the first time, decomposes under the influence of alkali metal fluorides to F₂C=Se and BF₃. In presence of BF₃, SeCF₂ polymerizes even at ?80°C. Above 150°C (F₂CSe)n depolymerizes to F₂C = Se and Halogen addition to F₂C=Se produces F₂XCSeX (X = Cl, Br). The compound Cl₂FCSeCl could be synthesized by the reaction of CSe₂ with ClF and Cl₂. These selenenylchlorides react with tin producing the corresponding symmetric diselenides whereas with AgCN the selenocyanates are formed. can be transformed to through halogen exchange reaction with BX₃ (X = Cl, Br). XC(S)Cl reacts with Hg(SeCF₃)₂ to give CF₃SeC(S)X (X = F, Cl. CF₃Se), from which the corresponding sulfenylchlorides can be synthesized by chlorine addition. I.r., n.m.r., and mass spectra of the newly prepared compounds are reported.     

Investigations of thermal polymerization in the stable free‐radical polymerization of 2‐vinylnaphthalene

The feasibility of utilizing stable free‐radical polymerization (SFRP) in the synthesis of well‐defined poly(2‐vinylnaphthalene) homopolymers has been investigated. Efforts to control molecular weight by manipulating initiator concentration while maintaining a 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy (TEMPO):benzoyl peroxide (BPO) molar ratio of 1.2:1 proved unsuccessful. In addition, systematic variations of the TEMPO: BPO molar ratio did not result in narrow molecular weight distributions. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the rate of monomer disappearance under SFRP and thermal conditions were identical. This observation indicated a lack of control in the presence of the stable free radical, TEMPO. The similarities in chemical structure between styrene and 2‐vinylnaphthalene suggested thermally initiated polymerization occurred via the Mayo mechanism. A kinetic analysis of the thermal polymerization of styrene and 2‐vinylnaphthalene suggested that the additional fused ring in 2‐vinylnaphthalene increased the propensity for thermal polymerization. The observed rate constant for thermal polymerization of 2‐vinylnaphthalene was determined using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and was one order of magnitude greater than styrene, assuming pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. Also, an Arrhenius analysis indicated that the activation energy for the thermal polymerization of 2‐vinylnaphthalene was 30 kJ/mol less than styrene. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 583–590, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10131     

Zur Bestimmung der gesamten und freien schwefligen S?ure im Wein

Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleich der Methoden von Weinmann u. Deibner zur Bestimmung der gesamten schwefligen Säure zeigte, daß die letzte Methode zu exakteren Werten führt,vor allem dadurch bedingt, daß das überdestillierte Schwefeldioxyd in einer sauren gekühlten Vorlage aufgefangen wird. Ein Nachteil der Methode ist, daß bei der Titration der Vorlage mit Jodlösung der p_H-Wert mehrfach geändert werden muß. Es gelang uns, diesen Mangel ohne Einbuße an Analysengenauigkeit dadurch zu beseitigen, daß wir als Auffanglösung ein Puffergemisch (p_H 3,5) benutzen und nicht in saurem, sondern in schwach alkalischem Milieu mit Jodlösung titrieren. In dieser Form kann das Verfahren zur Bestimmung der gesamten schwefligen Säure im Wein empfohlen werden.Zur genauen Bestimmung der freien schwefligen Säure arbeiteten wir ein polarographisches Verfahren aus, bei dem im Gegensatz zur jodometrischen Methode die koordinativ gebundene schweflige Säure nicht miterfaßt wird. Der verhältnismäßig große apparative Aufwand bei der Polarographie spricht jedoch gegen die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens in der routinemäßigen Weinanalyse. Es wird deshalb eine vereinfachte, aber recht genaue jodometrische Methode zur Bestimmung der freien schwefligen Säure vorgestellt, die geeignet ist, Aufnahme in die neue Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift für die Untersuchung von Wein und ähnlichen alkoholischen Erzeugnissen sowie von Fruchtsäften zu finden, die an die Stelle der alten Amtlichen Anweisung getreten ist.Für die Untersuchungen wurden Mittel des Bundesernährungsministeriums zur Verfügung gestellt, wofür auch an dieser Stelle bestens gedankt sei.Die Arbeit stellt einen Ausschnitt dar aus der Diplomarbeit von D. Hess: Beitrag zur Bestimmung der schwefligen Säure im Wein (Universität Frankfurt/M. 1957) und der Dissertation von D. Hess: Über den Einfluß von schwefliger Säure und l-Ascorbinsäure bei der Weinbereitung (Frankfurt/M. 1960).     

Zur colorimetrischen Bestimmung der Fusel?le in alkoholischen Destillaten

Ohne Zusammenfassung