Sliding Water Droplet on Oil Impregnated Surface and Dust Particle Mitigation

Self-cleaning of surfaces becomes challenging for energy harvesting devices because of the requirements of high optical transmittance of device surfaces. Surface texturing towards hydrophobizing can improve the self-cleaning ability of surfaces, yet lowers the optical transmittance. Introducing optical matching fluid, such as silicon oil, over the hydrophobized surface improves the optical transmittance. However, self-cleaning ability, such as dust mitigation, of the oil-impregnated hydrophobic surfaces needs to be investigated. Hence, solution crystallization of the polycarbonate surface towards creating hydrophobic texture is considered and silicon oil impregnation of the crystallized surface is explored for improved optical transmittance and self-cleaning ability. The condition for silicon oil spreading over the solution treated surface is assessed and silicon oil and water infusions on the dust particles are evaluated. The movement of the water droplet over the silicon oil-impregnated sample is examined utilizing the high-speed facility and the tracker program. The effect of oil film thickness and the tilting angle of the surface on the sliding droplet velocity is estimated for two droplet volumes. The mechanism for the dust particle mitigation from the oil film surface by the sliding water droplet is analyzed. The findings reveal that silicon oil impregnation of the crystallized sample surface improves the optical transmittance significantly. The sliding velocity of the water droplet over the thick film (~700 µm) remains higher than that of the small thickness oil film (~50 µm), which is attributed to the large interfacial resistance created between the moving droplet and the oil on the crystallized surface. The environmental dust particles can be mitigated from the oil film surface by the sliding water droplet. The droplet fluid infusion over the dust particle enables to reorient the particle inside the droplet fluid. As the dust particle settles at the trailing edge of the droplet, the sliding velocity decays on the oil-impregnated sample.     

The effects of emulsifier type,phase ratio,and homogenization methods on stability of the double emulsion

The double emulsion technology has a potential effect on the development of diversity and quality of functional foods by means of decreasing oil or salt concentration, encapsulating and controlling release of valuable components. In this study, it was aimed to formulate stable double emulsions to be used in food systems. W1/O ratios of primary emulsions, stabilized by polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), were designed as 2:8 and 4:6, and (W1/O)/W2 ratios of the double emulsions were used as 2:8 and 4:6. W/O/W phase ratios, homogenization methods applied to primary emulsion (high-speed homogenization, ultrasonic homogenization), and emulsifier types used in W2 phase [sodium caseinate (SC), xanthan gum, lecithin-whey protein concentrate] were used as independent variables. Particle size and distributions, stability, encapsulation efficiency (EE), rheological properties, long-term stability, and morphological properties of the double emulsions were investigated.

The double emulsions prepared with SC and (W1/O)/W2 ratio of 4:6, were found to have the higher stability values, higher apparent viscosity, and lower particle size. High-speed homogenization applied to primary emulsion reduced particle size of the double emulsion and increased apparent viscosity, but did not affect stability and EE of the double emulsions, significantly.     

Synthesis and characterization of new thiadiazole derivatives bearing a pyrazole moiety

A series of thidiazole derivatives (4, 7) from pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid chloride (2) and pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid chloride derivatives (6) were synthesized and characterized. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed byelemental analysis, NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and IR spectra. The molecular and crystal structure of 4-benzoyl-N-[5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-1,5-di-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide(4d)was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method.     

Determination of naproxen in human plasma by GC–MS

This paper describes a GC–MS method for the determination of naproxen in human plasma. Naproxen and internal standard ibuprofen were extracted from plasma using a liquid–liquid extraction method. Derivatization was carried out using N‐methyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The calibration curve was linear between the concentration range of 0.10–5.0 μg/mL. Intra‐ and interday precision values for naproxen in plasma were <5.14, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 4.67%. The extraction recoveries of naproxen from human plasma were between 93.0 and 98.9%. The LOD and LOQ of naproxen were 0.03 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. Also, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of naproxen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 220 mg naproxen.     

Direct enantioselective aldol reactions catalyzed by calix[4]arene-based l-proline derivatives in the water

Two novel p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-based chiral organocatalysts derived from l-proline have been developed to catalyze direct aldol reactions between cyclohexanone and aromatic aldehydes in water. Under the optimal conditions, high yields (up to 95%), enantioselectivities (up to 90%), and moderate diastereoselectivities (up to 65:35) were obtained. Considering the catalytic inefficiency of sole proline for the aldol reaction in water, these results clearly display the enormous effect of the hydrophobic part of calix[4]arene of compound A.     

Enhanced Light‐Harvesting Capacity by Micellar Assembly of Free Accessory Chromophores and LH1‐like Antennas

Biohybrid light‐harvesting antennas are an emerging platform technology with versatile tailorability for solar‐energy conversion. These systems combine the proven peptide scaffold unit utilized for light harvesting by purple photosynthetic bacteria with attached synthetic chromophores to extend solar coverage beyond that of the natural systems. Herein, synthetic unattached chromophores are employed that partition into the organized milieu (e.g. detergent micelles) that house the LH1‐like biohybrid architectures. The synthetic chromophores include a hydrophobic boron‐dipyrrin dye (A1) and an amphiphilic bacteriochlorin (A2), which transfer energy with reasonable efficiency to the bacteriochlorophyll acceptor array (B875) of the LH1‐like cyclic oligomers. The energy‐transfer efficiencies are markedly increased upon covalent attachment of a bacteriochlorin (B1 or B2) to the peptide scaffold, where the latter likely acts as an energy‐transfer relay site for the (potentially diffusing) free chromophores. The efficiencies are consistent with a Förster (through‐space) mechanism for energy transfer. The overall energy‐transfer efficiency from the free chromophores via the relay to the target site can approach those obtained previously by relay‐assisted energy transfer from chromophores attached at distant sites on the peptides. Thus, the use of free accessory chromophores affords a simple design to enhance the overall light‐harvesting capacity of biohybrid LH1‐like architectures.     

A min–max vehicle routing problem with split delivery and heterogeneous demand

In this article, we introduce a new variant of min–max vehicle routing problem, where various types of customer demands are satisfied by heterogeneous fleet of vehicles and split delivery of services is allowed. We assume that vehicles may serve one or more types of service with unlimited service capacity, and varying service and transfer speed. A heuristic solution approach is proposed. We report the solutions for several test problems.     

Fractal Dimensions of κ-Carrageenan Gels during Gelation and Swelling

A photon scattering technique for research on the sol-gel and gel-sol transitions in κ-carrageenan-water systems with various carrageenan contents (CC) was utilized for characterizing the fractal dimensions during gelation and swelling. It was observed that the scattered photon intensity, I_sc, increased at all temperatures with an increase in the CC when I_sc was monitored against temperature. Additionally, the sol-gel transition temperatures were found to be much lower than the gel-sol transition temperatures, causing hysteresis of the phase transition loops. I_sc increased with an increase in CC at all test temperatures, which is attributed to the formation of a fractal-like carrageenan gel. After drying, the gels were used in swelling experiments where the gels were immersed in water at room temperature, reswelling to the original structure. It was observed that I_sc from the carrageenan gels increased as the CC was increased. The fractal dimension, d, during gelation was found to increase as the gelation temperature was increased. On the other hand, the d values during swelling decreased as the swelling time was increased.     

A comprehensive electric field analysis of a multifunctional electrospinning platform

The electric field is one of the most critical parameters in electrospinning process. This study provides a comprehensive electric field analysis of a multifunctional electrospinning platform performed by FEMM 4.2. In this paper firstly information about the electrospinning method is mentioned. Electric field distribution of the multifunctional electrospinning platform is analyzed in different voltage levels. The effect of the applied voltage between the needles and the collector on nanofibers is investigated which are collected on the chassis. Furthermore the analysis results clearly demonstrated the effect of electrostatic force on the multiple jets which are at the needle tips.     

SOME SUBGROUPS OF THE EXTENDED HECKE GROUPS (H)(λq)

The authors consider the extended Hecke groups H(λq) generated by T(z) =-1 / z, S(z) = -1/(z+λq) and R(z) = 1 / -z with λq = 2cos(π/q) for q ≥ 3 an integer. Inthis paper, the even subgroup He(λq), the second commutator subgroup H"(λq) and theprincipal congruence subgroups Hp(λq) of the extended Hecke groups H(λq) are studied.Also, relations between them are given.