Relevance of Reflection in Static and Dynamic Light Scattering Experiments

Using a monodisperse PMMA dispersion, it was shown that light reflection at the sample cuvette walls may greatly influence the results of both static (SLS) and dynamic (DLS) light scattering experiments. Considering SLS, this reflection phenomenon mostly causes an overestimation of the scattered intensity at high scattering angles, which may give rise to the emergence of an additional, artificial peak in the lower region of the particle size distribution. On the other hand, the influcence of reflection on DLS measurements was shown to be particularly important in the upper region of the particle size distribution. The experimentally observed phenomena were explained from the basic principles of both particle sizing methods. Finally, it was shown that the disturbing effect of reflection could be avoided by modifying either the hardware or the software of the static and dynamic light scattering technique.     

The core of discontinuous games

The traditional design of cooperative games implicitly assumes that preferences are continuous. However, if agents implement tie breaking procedures, preferences are effectively lexicographic and thus discontinuous. This rouses concern over whether classic core nonemptiness theorems apply in such settings. We show that balanced NTU games may have empty cores when agents have discontinuous preferences. Moreover, exchange economies may lack coalitionally rational trades when consumers implement tie breaking rules, even if these rules are themselves continuous and convex as are all first order preferences. Results are more positive when “utility” is transferable. We prove that balancedness is necessary and sufficient to ensure a nonempty core in lexicographic TU games.     

Zeeman transitions in deuterium atoms induced by ultra-relativistic electrons

We present data showing hyperfine transitions in an atomic deuterium beam induced by the (476 MHz) radio-frequency field of a 704 MeV electron beam in a storage ring. A polarized deuterium beam, produced in an atomic beam source, was crossed with a stored electron beam and analyzed with a Breit--Rabi polarimeter. Electron-beam induced transitions were singled out by injecting different combinations of hyperfine states. Transition probabilities as high as 70% were measured at large currents (~ 100 mA). All possible deuterium transitions for a radio-frequency of 476 MHz were observed. In addition, a 1--6 transition resulting from the first harmonic (952 MHz) was observed. The effects of these transitions are of general importance for the polarized internal target technique applied in nuclear and particle physics experiments. The data are reasonably described by numerical estimates. The observed mechanism can be exploited to create nuclear polarized atoms when injecting electron polarized atoms with no net nuclear polarization into a storage cell. However, when nuclear polarized atoms are injected, care should be taken to avoid this mechanism, since it would result in depolarization of the atoms. The studies enabled us to choose the magnetic guide field during our spin-dependent electron--deuteron scattering experiments, such that electron-beam induced depolarizing effects were avoided. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the behaviour of rubberlike materials in compression and shear

Summary The mechanical behaviour of rubberlike materials is modelled in a phenomenological approach using a strain-energy formulation. Nonhomogeneous shear experiments on solid rubber specimens have been carried out as well as simple elongation tests on the same rubber compound. The elongation tests have been used to determine the model constants. By a comparison between experiment and numerical simulation of the nonhomogeneous shear test the predictive capabilities of the Mooney-Rivlin, the Ogden and the Besseling model have been assessed for compression-shear deformation paths. An analytical study explains the numerically observed behaviour.

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Über das Verhalten von Gummimaterialien unter Druck und Schubverformungen

Übersicht Das mechanische Verhalten von Gummimaterialien wird phänomenologisch modelliert unter Anwendung einer Formänderungsenergiefunktion. Es sind nicht-homogene Schubversuche auf dreidimensionale Versuchsproben aus Gummi so wie auch einfache Verlängerungsversuche auf Gummiproben der gleichen Zusammenstellung durchgeführt worden. Die Verlängerungsversuche sind durchgeführt worden um die Stoffkennwerte feststellen zu können. In einer Vergleichung zwischen dem Experiment und der numerischen Simulation von nicht-homogenen Schubversuchen ist die Genauigkeit des Mooney-Rivlinschen Modells, des Ogdenschen Modells und des Besselingschen Modells für kombinierte Druck-Schubverformungen festgestellt worden. In einem analytischen Studium wird das numerisch betrachtete Verhalten auseinandergesetzt.

     

A graph-theoretic approach to modeling metabolic pathways

Summary The metabolic pathways of medazepam, oxazepam, and diazepam were modeled using graph-theoretic transforms which are incorporable into computer-assisted metabolic analysis programs. The information, represented in the form of a graph-theoretic transform kit, which was obtained from these pathways was then used to predict the metabolites of other benzodiazepine compounds. The transform kits gave statistically significant predictions with respect to a statistical method for evaluating the performance of the transform kits.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronide metabolites: improvements to the method and application to stability studies

Improvements to previously reported methods for the determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in human plasma are described. The improved methods involve the use of a solid-phase extraction cartridge and a chromatographic system which uses paired-ion reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a radially compressed column. Only one cartridge is used to prepare each sample for chromatography and each cartridge may be used for at least fourteen 1-ml plasma samples. The recovery is greater than 85%. The improvements to the method of sample pretreatment and in the chromatographic conditions have allowed determination of morphine, M3G and M6G in human plasma down to 13.3 nmol/l (coefficient of variation = 9.3%), 108 nmol/l (6.6%) and 41 nmol/l (6.7%), respectively, using ultraviolet detection alone. It was shown that all three compounds were stable in plasma for up to 101 weeks when stored at -20 degrees C.     

KINETICS OF LUMINESCENCE QUENCHING IN MICELLAR ASSEMBLIES INCLUDING EXCHANGE OF PROBE and QUENCHER*

The luminescence decay of excited probes in micelles in the presence of a Poisson distribution of quenchers is considered under conditions where both probe and quencher within the lifetime of the excited probe may exchange between the micelles. Analytical and numerical results show that the luminescence decay can be expressed by a generalized self convolution product of a multiexponential decay function.