The synthesis of azoniadithia[6]helicenes

A new short‐step synthesis of 8a‐azonia[6]helicene (1) and the novel dithieno derivatives ( 2 and 3 ) is described. Double photocyclization of 2,8‐distyrylquinolizinium salt (8) gave 1 in 35% yield. Similarly, 2,8‐bis[2‐(2‐thienyl)vinyl]‐ and 2,8‐bis[2‐(3‐thienyl)vinyl]‐quinolizinium salts ( 9 and 10 ) afforded new azonia[6]helicenes containing two thiophene rings at the ends of helix, that is 7a‐azonia‐3,12‐dithia[6]helicene (2) and 7a‐azonia‐1,14‐dithia[6]helicene (3) , in 43 and 35% yields, respectively. The total assignment of their ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐nmr spectra was performed by utilizing two‐dimensional and NOE nmr spectroscopic methods.     

Temperature rule for the speed of sound in water: a chemical kinetics model

Water forms three-dimensional polymeric structures due to the influence of hydrogen bonds and is fundamentally different from other substances. One of the simplest ways to analyze the structure of water in any system, such as hydration, is to measure the degree of compressibility, which can be determined from the speed of sound, by making use of the physical laws established by Newton and later perfected by Laplace. Although the speed of sound is strongly dependent on the temperature of a liquid, Laplace's equation does not refer to temperature in any of its terms. It is necessary, therefore, to determine the degree of temperature dependency. However, only approximate expressions of a fifth-order polynomial have been reported so far in the literature. In this paper, a universal method for describing the speed of sound from the perspective of physicochemical reaction kinetics is presented. It is shown that the speed of sound U [ms(-1)] changes with temperature T [K] according to a thermodynamically-derived formula given as U= exp(-A/T-BlnT+C) and that the motion and propagation phenomena of sound energy can also be regarded as chemical reactions.     

Potent and specific sialyltransferase inhibitors: imino-linked 5a'-carbadisaccharides

Methyl 5a'-carba-beta-lactoside, imino-linked, has been shown to possess potent and specific inhibitory activity (IC50 = 185 microM) toward rat recombinant alpha2,3-sialyltransferase.     

Regulated-stereoselective construction of thirteen stereogenic centers necessary for the frame of (+)-discodermolide, based on iterative Lewis acid-promoted aldol reactions

The segments C(1)-C(13) and C(15)-C(21) containing the 13 stereogenic centers required for the frame of (+)-discodermolide were synthesized in good to excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities from a common racemic aldehyde, derived from 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol. The enantioselective aldol reactions of the racemic aldehyde with a silylketene acetal, derived from ethyl 2-bromopropionate, in the presence of chiral oxazaborolidinones, prepared in situ with N-p-toluenesulfonyl-(R)- and -(S)-valine and BH(3).THF, proceeded under kinetic control to give the stereotriads with a high degree of enantioselectivity. Enantioselective (chiral borane) and diastereoselective (BF(3).OEt(2) and TiCl(4)) aldol reactions with the silylketene acetal, coupled with diastereoselective radical debrominations (Bu(3)SnH, Et(3)B, with or without MgBr(2)), were used iteratively. This aldol reaction strategy for the construction of the polypropionate frame dramatically shortened the steps needed for the construction of the final segments.     

Development of a rapid isolation procedure for coccolith ultrafine particles produced by coccolithophorid algae

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - A rapid procedure for effective purification of large quantities of coccolith ultrafine particles from marine algae is reported. Coccoliths are detached...     

The class number one problem for some non-abelian normal CM-fields

Let be a non-abelian normal CM-field of degree any odd prime. Note that the Galois group of is either the dicyclic group of order or the dihedral group of order We prove that the (relative) class number of a dicyclic CM-field of degree is always greater then one. Then, we determine all the dihedral CM-fields of degree with class number one: there are exactly nine such CM-fields.

     

Reversible cleavage and recombination of an acetylenic carbon-carbon bond on a tetrairon cluster coupled with a two-electron redox reaction

Two-electron reduction of [(eta5-C5H4Me)4Fe4(mu3-CH)2(mu3-CO)2](PF6)2 (1) results in the coupling of two methylidyne ligands to form (eta5-C5H4Me)4Fe4(HCCH)(mu3-CO)2 (2), the two-electron oxidation of which reproduces 1. Structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.