Generation of coherent soft-X-ray radiation extending far beyond the titanium L edge

Coherent soft-x-ray radiation up to photon energies of 700 eV is obtained by focusing several-mJ, 10-fs near infrared laser pulses into a He gas jet. The observed nearly constant photon yield over several hundred eVs may be attributed to nonadiabatic self-phase matching, originating from a substantial ionization within a fraction of the optical cycle of the driving laser pulse.     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Hypoxia‐Sensitive MRI Probe

Tissue hypoxia occurs in pathologic conditions, such as cancer, ischemic heart disease and stroke when oxygen demand is greater than oxygen supply. An imaging method that can differentiate hypoxic versus normoxic tissue could have an immediate impact on therapy choices. In this work, the gadolinium(III) complex of 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) with a 2‐nitroimidazole attached to one carboxyl group via an amide linkage was prepared, characterized and tested as a hypoxia‐sensitive MRI agent. A control complex, Gd(DO3A‐monobutylamide), was also prepared in order to test whether the nitroimidazole side‐chain alters either the water proton T₁ relaxivity or the thermodynamic stability of the complex. The stabilities of these complexes were lower than that of Gd(DOTA)^? as expected for mono‐amide derivatives. The water proton T₁ relaxivity (r₁), bound water residence lifetime (τ_M) and rotational correlation time (τ_R) of both complexes was determined by relaxivity measurements, variable temperature ¹⁷O NMR spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) studies. The resulting parameters (r₁=6.38 mM ^?1 s^?1 at 20 MHz , τ_M=0.71 μs, τ_R=141 ps) determined for the nitroimidazole derivative closely parallel to those of other Gd(DO3A‐monoamide) complexes of similar molecular size. In vitro MR imaging experiments with 9L rat glioma cells maintained under nitrogen (hypoxic) versus oxygen (normoxic) gas showed that both agents enter cells but only the nitroimidazole derivative was trapped in cells maintained under N₂ as evidenced by an approximately twofold decrease in T₁ measured for hypoxic cells versus normoxic cells exposed to this agent. These results suggest that the nitroimidazole derivative might serve as a molecular reporter for discriminating hypoxic versus normoxic tissues by MRI.     

Synthesis and characterization of a hypoxia-sensitive MRI probe

Tissue hypoxia occurs in pathologic conditions, such as cancer, ischemic heart disease and stroke when oxygen demand is greater than oxygen supply. An imaging method that can differentiate hypoxic versus normoxic tissue could have an immediate impact on therapy choices. In this work, the gadolinium(III) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) with a 2-nitroimidazole attached to one carboxyl group via an amide linkage was prepared, characterized and tested as a hypoxia-sensitive MRI agent. A control complex, Gd(DO3A-monobutylamide), was also prepared in order to test whether the nitroimidazole side-chain alters either the water proton T(1) relaxivity or the thermodynamic stability of the complex. The stabilities of these complexes were lower than that of Gd(DOTA)(-) as expected for mono-amide derivatives. The water proton T(1) relaxivity (r(1)), bound water residence lifetime (τ(M)) and rotational correlation time (τ(R)) of both complexes was determined by relaxivity measurements, variable temperature (17) O?NMR spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) studies. The resulting parameters (r(1) =6.38?mM(-1) s(-1) at 20?MHz, τ(M) =0.71?μs, τ(R) =141?ps) determined for the nitroimidazole derivative closely parallel to those of other Gd(DO3A-monoamide) complexes of similar molecular size. In vitro MR imaging experiments with 9L rat glioma cells maintained under nitrogen (hypoxic) versus oxygen (normoxic) gas showed that both agents enter cells but only the nitroimidazole derivative was trapped in cells maintained under N(2) as evidenced by an approximately twofold decrease in T(1) measured for hypoxic cells versus normoxic cells exposed to this agent. These results suggest that the nitroimidazole derivative might serve as a molecular reporter for discriminating hypoxic versus normoxic tissues by MRI.