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31.
A technique is presented that allows to obtain information about sample surface topography and local electrical surface properties simultaneously. A scanning electrical force microscope is used for that purpose which is based on an atomic force microscope (AFM) working in the dynamical mode. Different information channels contained in the cantilever excitation spectrum are separated by a lock-in technique. The physical content of the technique is discussed in detail and the influence of surface topography on the non-topographic imaging is demonstrated. Finally, the real advantages of cross-sectional sample preparation (as known from electron microscopy) for this kind of scanning probe microscopy with respect to various applications is presented.  相似文献   
32.
In the intestine, microbial protein degradation to histamine and other biologically active amines is believed to be relevant to the health of species. An LC method with fluorescence detection has been developed for analysis of histamine, phenylethylamine, isoamylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermidine. After pre-column derivatisation with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, amines were separated on a reversed-phase C18 polyamine column with a mobile phase gradient. Validation of the method included calibration experiments, determination of amine recovery, and repeatability tests. The method proved especially useful for detection of histamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine at relevant concentrations in caecum cultures from horses. The limits of quantification for these four amines ranged between 80 nM (histamine) and 400 nM (phenylethylamine).  相似文献   
33.
In this paper, we studied the effect of subculture of mother-plants and of preculture of shoot tips of two potato varieties (Dejima, cultivated and STN13, wild) cryopreserved using the droplet-vitrification technique. The subculture conditions (light intensity, aeration and planting density) significantly affected survival of both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved shoot-tips in both varieties. The subculture duration and the position of the shoot tips on the axis of the in vitro plantlets had a significant (P<0.0001) effect on survival of cryopreserved shoot tips. The optimal subculture duration was 7 and 5 weeks and the optimal size of shoot tips was 1.5-2.0 and 1.0-1.5 mm for var. Dejima and STN13, respectively. Survival of cryopreserved shoot tips was influenced by the sucrose concentration in the preculture medium and the preculture duration. The highest survival of cryopreserved shoot tips was observed after preculture with 0.3 M sucrose for 8 h followed by 0.7 M sucrose for 18 h. These results indicate that the parameters of the subculture of mother-plants and of preculture of shoot tips should be carefully optimized, especially in the case of wild species.  相似文献   
34.
The present work establishes for the first time that tolerance of coffee seeds to liquid nitrogen (LN) exposure depends on the initial quality of the seedlot and on the rewarming regime employed. Seedlot quality was estimated by the parameters of a quantal response model of desiccation sensitivity developed previously. The percentage of seedlings recovered from cryopreserved seeds was very well correlated with the relative humidity (RH) at which 90 percent of the initial viability was retained, RH90, as estimated by the model. Whatever the cooling regime employed, rewarming the seeds slowly by exposing them to ambient air was highly detrimental. Slow rewarming-induced viability loss was not due to imbibitional damage since seeds pre-heated at 37 degree C after slow rewarming to 0 degree C exhibited a survival percentage lower than seeds thawed rapidly to 0 degree C before sowing. The optimal hydration status for coffee seed cryopreservation was also re-examined. Drying seeds in 81 percent RH provided survival percentages considerably higher than those obtained using the drying RH always employed until now, i.e. 78 percent. A new procedure for slowly precooling the seeds prior to immersion in LN was also established. It consisted of placing the vials containing the seeds in a dry ice-bath for 25 min. Using this procedure in combination with seed drying in 81 percent RH and rapid rewarming in a 37 degree C water-bath for 30 min ensured the highest survival percentages ever obtained with coffee seeds, i.e. 89 percent, a value which was not significantly different from the initial viability percentage.  相似文献   
35.
Kim HH  Lee JK  Yoon JW  Ji JJ  Nam SS  Hwang HS  Cho EG  Engelmann F 《Cryo letters》2006,27(3):143-153
The droplet-vitrification protocol, a combination of droplet-freezing and solution-based vitrification was applied for cryopreserving garlic bulbil primordia. The highest survival and regeneration percentages of cryopreserved primordia (90.1 to 95.0 percent and 82.7 to 85.0 percent, respectively) were achieved after preculture for 2-4 days at 10 degree C on solid medium with 0.1 - 0.3 M sucrose, loading for 50 minutes in liquid medium with 2 M glycerol + 0.5 M sucrose, dehydration with PVS3 vitrification solution for 90-150 min, cooling primordia in 5 microl droplets of PVS3 vitrification solution placed on aluminum foil strips by dipping these strips in liquid nitrogen, warming them by plunging the foil strips into pre-heated (40 degree C) 0.8 M sucrose solution for 30 s and further incubation in the same solution for 30 minutes. The optimized droplet-vitrification protocol was successfully applied to bulbil primordia of five garlic varieties originating from various countries and to immature bulbils of two vegetatively propagated Allium species, with regeneration percentages ranging between 77.4 - 95.4 percent.  相似文献   
36.
In the present study the relative angular resolution of an electron backscatter diffraction system based on Hough transform analysis has been determined with a silicon single crystal wafer. The resolution is found to be better than 0.1° and can be easily improved by repetition of measurements. A test measurement on a BaFe2As2 thin film, where disorientations of 0.1° and less are present, was performed using the cross correlation electron backscatter diffraction technique. The same measurement is evaluated with the Hough transform technique. Comparing both techniques give evidence of a relative resolution of better than 0.1°. However, in specimen areas with strain inhomogeneities a deviation along one rotation axis can be observed.  相似文献   
37.
Validity and Reliability of the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI)   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is present in up to 50% of patients with voice disorders. Currently, there is no validated instrument that documents symptom severity in LPR. We developed the reflux symptom index (RSI), a self-administered nine-item outcomes instrument for LPR. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the RSI. For validity assessment, 25 patients with LPR were evaluated prospectively before and six months after b.i.d. treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Each patient completed the RSI as well as the 30-item voice handicap index (VHI). For reliability assessment, the study patients were given the RSI on two separate occasions before the initiation of treatment. Normative RSI data were derived from 25 age-matched and gender-matched controls taken from an existing database of asymptomatic individuals without any evidence of LPR. The mean RSI (+/- standard deviation) of patients with LPR improved from 21.2 (+/- 10.7) to 12.8 (+/- 10.0), and the mean VHI improved from 52.2 (+/- 24.7) to 41.5 (+/- 25.0) after 6 months of therapy (p = 0.001 and 0.065, respectively). Of the three VHI subscales (emotional, physical, functional), only the functional subscale improved significantly (p = 0.037). Patients who experienced a five point or better improvement in RSI were 11 times more likely to experience a five-point improvement in VHI (95% confidence interval = 1.7, 76.8). For reliability assessment, the first and second pretreatment RSIs were 19.9 (+/- 11.1) and 20.9 (+/- 9.6), respectively (correlation coefficient = 0.81, p < 0.001). The single-item correlation coefficients ranged from 0.41 to 0.91 (p < 0.05 for all items). The mean pretreatment RSI in patients with LPR was significantly higher than controls (21.2 versus 11.6; p < 0.001). The mean RSI of patients with LPR after 6 months of PPI therapy approached that of asymptomatic controls (p > 0.05). The RSI is easily administered, highly reproducible, and exhibits excellent construct and criterion-based validity.  相似文献   
38.
Fibronectin: An Interesting Vocal Fold Protein   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
A great deal of information is accruing regarding the function of the extracellular matrix. Once thought to be simply a structural entity to surround cells, it is now known to do much more. Fibronectin in particular has received specific attention. Fibronectin is a ubiquitous glycoprotein found most abundantly in the extracellular matrix of regenerating, healing, and embryonic tissue. Vast evidence supports the fact that fibronectin participates in many diverse functions throughout the body that are relevant to vocal fold biology. This article introduces the structure of fibronectin and its isoforms and provides an introduction to some of the many functions it plays. It also reviews the evidence about fibronectin's place in vocal folds and vocal fold pathology. It discusses fibronectin's presence in vocal nodules, vocal polyps, vocal scarring, and Reinke's edema, and reviews the data on its role in mucosal wave impairment. Lastly, it discusses preliminary microarray data that show gene expression for fibronectin to be upregulated in true vocal folds when compared to false vocal folds.  相似文献   
39.
Pharyngoesophageal gastric acid reflux is thought to initiate chronic posterior laryngitis. The gold standard for measuring gastric reflux is dual-channel 24-hour pH monitoring. This is a time-consuming, inconvenient, expensive method that is not available in all areas. New therapeutic regimes that make use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have proven to be therapeutically efficient for control of acid reflux. Twenty-four consecutive patients with chronic voice disorders and signs of posterior laryngitis were selected for therapy. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring was performed independently before the therapy. The trial therapy consisted of all patients receiving pantoprazole, 40 mg once daily for 6 weeks. Immediately following the therapy a statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvement was observed in all patients. This improvement was analyzed retrospectively by comparison with the results of 24-hour pH monitoring. In 71% of the patients the 24-hour pH-monitoring gave a positive result showing a high number of patients with extraesophageal reflux in our study group. Patients with positive results of pH-monitoring responded in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) to the pantoprazole therapy, whereas those patients without detected reflux did not. A 3-month follow-up of the patients with a positive result of the pH-monitoring confirmed the improvement. No patients reported adverse effects. A 6-week treatment with pantoprazole can be clinically justified. It helps to save time and reduce costs, allows for selection of reflux-negative patients for alternative therapy, and may prevent inadequate treatment of patients with false-negative pH monitoring. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring is still recommended for patients unresponsive to this trial therapy.  相似文献   
40.
A Gd(3+) based paramagnetic dextran conjugate has been developed, which enables the tracking of neuroanatomical connectivity in the brain by both MR and optical imaging. Cell studies and subsequent in vivo experiments in rodents demonstrate efficient internalisation and transport properties of the new tracer molecule.  相似文献   
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