Zeolite content determination in kaolinic clays via thermal effects

For application in catalysis and adsorption processes, zeolites are synthesized on the surface of spray-dried kaolin microspheres. Various thermal effects are used for the rapid characterization of the zeolite type and content. From DTA measurements, the exothermic lattice break-down peak gives information on the zeolite type and the thermal stability of the sample. Measurements of the heats of immersion by a very simple and quick method allow conclusions about the type and the sorption properties of the zeolite part of the clay. The most precise method to estimate the zeolite content was a standardized technique of desorption and readsorption of water or organic compounds by means of a thermobalance.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Anwendung in der Katalyse und bei Adsorptinsprozessen werden Zeolithe auf der Oberfläche sprüh-getrockneter Kaolin-Mikrokugeln eingesetzt. Verschiedene thermische Effekte werden zur schnellen Charakterisierung des Zeolith-Typs und -Gehalts genutzt. Der exotherme DTA-peak beim Gitterzusammenbruch liefert Informationen über Zeolith-Typ und thermische Stabilität der Probe. Eine sehr einfache Schnellmethode zur Messung der Immersionswärmen erlaubt Schlussfolgerungen über Typ und Sorptionseigenschaften des zeolithischen Anteils des Tons. Die genaueste Methode zur Bewertung des Zeolithgehalts war eine standardisierte thermogravimetrische Desorptions- und Readsorptions-Methode mit Wasser oder organiscen Verbindungen.

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Chalkogenolat-lonen und ihre Derivate. I. Darstellung und Eigenschaften salzartiger Chalkogenophenolate

Chalcogenolates and their Derivatives. I. Syntheses and Properties of Ionic Chalcogenophenolates The syntheses and properties of ionic chalcogenophenolates are described. Using liquid ammonia as solvent the alkali chalcogenophenolates M[EPh] (M = Na, K; E = Se, Te; Ph = C₆H₅) have been synthesized via reduction of the diphenyl dichalcogenides with alkali metals. Similarly, the tetraphenylphosphonium chalcogenophenolates [Ph₄P][EPh] (E = S, Se, Te) have been obtained by reacting alkali chalcogenophenolates with tetraphenylphosphonium chloride.     

New sulfur-coordinating chiral ligands for the Tsuji—Trost reaction

The use of sulfur-coordinating chiral ligands in the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric Tsuji—Trost reaction is reviewed.     

Regioselective supramolecular catalysis. Exploiting multiple binding motifs in propanediurea molecular clips

Molecular clips derived from 2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3,7-dione promote increased regioselectivity in the SO₂Cl₂-mediated electrophilic aromatic chlorination of ortho-cresol leading to para/ortho ratios (R_p/o) <25; approximately six times larger than in the absence of the clip. Specific recognition events involving hydrogen-bond, π-π and dative covalent interactions are implicated.     

Characterization of silsesquioxanes by size-exclusion chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography in combination with spectroscopic methods like matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to characterize silsesquioxanes and silsesquioxane mixtures. As new examples, the formation of silsesquioxyl-substituted silsesquioxanes [(n-octyl)(7)(SiO(1.5))(8)](2)O and [(n-octyl)(7)(SiO(1.5))(8)O](2)[(n-octyl)(6)(SiO(1.5))(8)] as well as the cage rearrangement of octa-[(n-heptyl)silsesquioxane] to larger structures [(n-heptyl)SiO(1.5))](n) up to n=28 are shown.     

Coagulation of silver halide sols by thorium nitrate in the presence of potassium nitrate and potassium sulfate

Summary When silver iodide, silver bromide and silver chloride solsin statu nascendi are coagulated by thorium nitrate in the presence of potassium nitrate, three coagulation maxima appear. Two of them are identical with maxima that are found in absence of KNO₃, denoted with (II) and (IV) in fig. 1. The new maximum appears in the stability region of recharged sols (III). It is believed that this maximum is also—as maximum (IV)—caused by the coagulation of recharged silver halide sols by nitrate ions. Appearance of two nitrate coagulation maxima is explained by different charge densities on sol particles at various concentrations of Th(NO₃)₄ where they are formed. The new maximum indicates a lower charge density of sol particles. The possibility that the new maximum could have been caused by ionic complex species between thorium and nitrate ions has been rejected for data are available that the equilibrium constant for such complexes is small. In the presence of K₂SO₄ the coagulation effects of thorium nitrate on silver halide sols are markedly different. In acidified solutions only one coagulation maximum appears at rather high thorium nitrate concentrations [∼ 10⁻³ N Th (NO₃)₄] and the sol remains negatively charged [up to ∼ 10⁻² N Th (NO₃)₄] This is explained by complex formation of Th-ions and sulfate ions whereby ionic species of lower charge are formed, which exert a weaker coagulation effect. In neutral solutions another maximum at lower concentration of Th (NO₃)₄ is formed which appears to be the usual coagulation maximum produced by hydrolyzed thorium ions. The antagonistic effects of the salt pair Th (NO₃)₄-K₂SO₄ upon the coagulation of silver halides has been discussed and we have concluded that the large effects repeatedly reported can be explained not by simple electrostatic effects of ions in solution but rather by the formation of complexes between Th- and SO₄-ions.

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Zusammenfassung Die Koagulationseffekte des Thoriumnitrats in Anwesenheit von Kaliumnitrat und Kaliumsulfat an Silberhalogenid-Solenin statu nascendi wurden ausführlich untersucht. Wenn Silberhalogenid-Sole durch Thoriumnitrat-L?sungen koaguliert werden, bilden sich zwei Koagulationsmaxima (II und IV, Abb. 1). Bei sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen des Thoriumnitrats koaguliert das Thorium-Ion (oder Komplex) die negativen Silberhalogenid-Sole, w?hrend bei h?heren Thoriumnitrat-Konzentrationen die ungeladenen Sole durch die NitratIonen koaguliert werden. Zwischen den zwei Maxima besteht ein weites Gebiet der stabilen umgeladenen Sole (III). Unter dem Zusatz von konstanten Mengen des Kaliumnitrats wird in diesem Gebiet ein neues (drittes) Maximum gebildet (Abb. 2–5), das auch als Koagulationsmaximum identifiziert wurde. Es wird angenommen, da? dieses Maximum wieder eine Koagulation der umgeladenen Silberhalogenid-Sole durch Nitrat-Ionen darstellt. Das Auftreten von zwei Koagulationsmaxima, verursacht durch Nitrat-Ionen, wird durch die verschiedenen Ladungsdichten an Solteilchen in Gebieten der Thoriumnitrat-Konzentrationen, in denen Maxima erscheinen, erkl?rt. Die M?glichkeit eines Koagulationseffektes der komplexen Ionen zwischen Thorium und Nitrat wurde ausgeschlossen, da die Gleichgewichtskonstante solcher Komplexe ziemlich niedrig ist. In Anwesenheit von Kaliumsulfat sieht die Koagulationskurve für Silberhalogenid Sole sehr unterschiedlich aus (Abb. 6–8). In den mit Salpeters?ure (0,001N) versetzten Solen erscheint nur ein Maximum bei ziemlich hohen Thoriumnitrat-Konzentrationen [∼ 10⁻³ N Th (NO₃)₄], wobei die Solteilchen noch immer negativ sind. Da Thorium- und Sulfat-Ionen sehr stabile Ionen-Komplexe bilden, die eine niedrigere Valenz aufweisen, kann das Maximum als Folge der Koagulationseffekte solcher Komplexe an die Silberhalogenid-Sole angesehen werden. In neutralen L?sungen zeigt sich neben dem beschriebenen Maximum noch ein anderes Maximum bei niedrigerer Thoriumnitrat-Konzentration. Dieses Maximum, hervorgerufen durch die hydrolysierten Thorium-Ionen, scheint das „normale“ Koagulationsmaximum zu sein. Dieantagonistischen Effekte des Salzpaares Th (NO₃)₄-K₂SO₄ bei der Koagulation der Silberhalogenide wurden diskutiert, und es wurde geschlossen, da? die gro?en Effekte, die wiederholt ver?ffentlicht worden waren, sehr schwer nur durch die elektrostatischen Anziehungen zwischen den Ionen erkl?rt werden k?nnen. Die Komplexbildung zwischen Thorium- und Sulfat-Ionen wird für den sogenannten antagonistischen Effekt in diesem Falle als verantwortlich angesehen.

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Supported in part by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT (30-1)-1801.     

Chemie der Pleuromutiline,IX. Konfigurationsumkehr der Methylgruppe am Kohlenstoff 6 im tricyclischen Gerüst des Diterpens Pleuromutilin

The contact of pleuromutilin derivatives with the protein moiety of cytochrome P-450 as well as its orientation towards the heme iron is mainly dependent on the steric environment of the hydrindanone-part of the tricyclus. The apparent affinity between substrate and enzyme, which is correlated with the rate of metabolism can be reduced by inversion of configuration at carbon 6. This inversion is achieved by equilibrating the diastereomeric ketones12 and13 followed by a selective reduction of the keto group at position 7. The 6-methylgroup of14 was assigned α-configuration on the basis of spectroscopic data in comparison to those of the naturally configurated compound14a.     

Sodium hexadecanoate micellar aggregation number

The diffusion coefficient of sodium hexadecanoate micelles was studied by polarography at 63°C, and the size and aggregation number of the micelles was computed. At concentrations above 0.01 mol·L^–1 rodlike micelles exist, which become flexible at 0.040 mol·L^–1 and entangle at 0.043 mol·L^–1     

Characterization of SiO2 protective coatings on polycarbonate

SiO₂ protective coatings have been deposited on polycarbonate substrates by plasma ion assisted deposition. The influence of ion energy on the water permeability and the surface topography of the coatings was studied by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Coatings deposited at sufficiently high ion energies show a barrier effect against moisture uptake and considerably reduced film roughness. Both effects are attributed to an increase of the packing densities of the coatings.