Stochastic complexity integral image based technique for fast video tracking

We propose a new method based on the minimization of the stochastic complexity for fast and efficient tracking adapted to video images with a static camera. The obtained criterion combines the advantages of background-subtraction-based techniques and those of using measures of similarities to a target model without requiring any tuning of a weighting parameter. It is then demonstrated that this approach can be implemented with a fast integral image technique to estimate the location and the rectangular shape of the target in a few milliseconds.     

Determination of the Infinitesimal Strain Tensor from Shears and Elongations

It is assumed that at a point P in a body, the longitudinal strains (elongations) along three non-coplanar directions are known from observation and that the shears of the three pairs of infinitesimal material line elements along the three non-coplanar directions are also known. With this information the strain tensor e at P is determined explicitly. The strain tensor e takes a simpler form in the special case when the three shears are zero. This simpler form is precisely the form obtained by Boulanger and Hayes in their study (Boulanger and Hayes, Proc R Ir Acad 103A:113–141, 2003) of the consequences of writing the displacement gradient at P as the sum of a skew symmetric tensor and a tensor with three real eigenvalues. The special case when the three elongations are zero is also considered. Dedicated to Franz Ziegler on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.     

Correspondence between a phase-field theory and a sharp-interface theory for crystal growth

A matched asymptotic analysis is used to show that, under certain constitutive hypotheses and a particular scaling, a recently developed phase-field theory corresponds to a sharp-interface theory for crystal growth that accounts for orientation dependence in the crystalline surface energy density as well as orientation and surface normal velocity dependence in the crystalline surface mobility. Received: May 6, 1996     

Double bridgehead olefins via pyrolysis

Pyrolysis of diacetate $\text{5}$ produced 3 major products, $\text{6}$–$\text{8}$. The most reasonable pathway to these products, supported by deuterium labelling studies, is via double bridgehead olefins

and

.     

Chemistry of condensed thiophenes. V. Sulfonation and sulfonyl bridging of m-terphenyl. Conversion to sulfonamides

Reaction of m-terphenyl with 20% oleum at 100° gives both disulfonation and double sulfonyl bridging to yield benzo[1]thieno[2,3-b]dibenzothiophene-3,9-disulfonic acid 5,5,7,7-tetraoxide, isolated as the disodium salt (24%) and convertible (via the disulfonyl chloride) to the bis-sulfonanilide (44%) and the bis-N-butylsulfonamide (40%). Analogously, reaction of m-terphenyl with chlorosulfonic acid at 100° gives disulfonation plus only single sulfonyl bridging to produce 2-(4-chlorosulfonyl)-7-chlorosulfonyldibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide (80%), convertible to the corresponding bis-sulfonanilide (63%) and the bis-N-butylsulfonamide (45%).     

Towards a new age of virtual ADME/TOX and multidimensional drug discovery

With the continual pressure to ensure follow-up molecules to billion dollar blockbuster drugs, there is a hurdle in profitability and growth for pharmaceutical companies in the next decades. With each success and failure we increasingly appreciate that a key to the success of synthesized molecules through the research and development process is the possession of drug-like properties. These properties include an adequate bioactivity as well as adequate solubility, an ability to cross critical membranes (intestinal and sometimes blood-brain barrier), reasonable metabolic stability and of course safety in humans. Dependent on the therapeutic area being investigated it might also be desirable to avoid certain enzymes or transporters to circumvent potential drug-drug interactions. It may also be important to limit the induction of these same proteins that can result in further toxicities. We have clearly moved the assessment of in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/TOX) parameters much earlier in the discovery organization than a decade ago with the inclusion of higher throughput systems. We are also now faced with huge amounts of ADME/TOX data for each molecule that need interpretation and also provide a valuable resource for generating predictive computational models for future drug discovery. The present review aims to show what tools exist today for visualizing and modeling ADME/TOX data, what tools need to be developed, and how both the present and future tools are valuable for virtual filtering using ADME/TOX and bioactivity properties in parallel as a viable addition to present practices.     

Orientational order and finite strain in nematic elastomers

Nematic elastomers exhibit large, spontaneous shape changes at the transition from the high-temperature isotropic phase to the low-temperature nematic phase. These finite deformations are studied here in the context of a nonlinear, properly invariant, variational theory that couples the orientational order and elastic deformation. The theory is based on the minimization of a free-energy functional that consists of two contributions: a nematic one due to the interaction of the mesogenic units and an elastic one arising from the stretching of the cross-linked polymer chains. Suitable choices for these two contributions allow for large, reversible, spontaneous shape changes in which the elastic deformation can affect the isotropic-nematic transition temperature. The change in transition temperature as well as the magnitude of the resulting spontaneous deformation is illustrated for various parameter values. The theory includes soft elasticity as a special case but is not restricted to it.