Vocal fold vibration of the canine larynx: Observation from an infraglottic view

The authors studied the vibratory action of the canine vocal fold from the tracheal side utilizing high-speed cinematography. Five excised canine larynges were used, and the lower surface of the vocal fold of three of them were marked with India ink as a tracer of a specific point on the vocal fold. A mucosal prominence, called the mucosal upheaval, appeared between the anterior commissure and the vocal process. Vibration was not seen below the mucosal upheaval. The mucosal wave started to move medially from just above the mucosal upheaval. The mucosal wave then became the free edge (lower lip) and collided with that of the other side at the midline. After collision, the lower lip moved upward to become the upper lip. At the same time, a part of the lower lip reflected laterally. The mucosal wave of the next cycle started from just above the mucosal upheaval during an opening phase. The mucosal upheaval vibrated with a low amplitude and with an earlier phase than the other portion of the vocal fold. The increase in tension of the vocal fold did not change the basic vibratory pattern of the mucosal upheaval, the mucosal wave, or the free edge. However, analysis of the mark before and after the increase in tension revealed that the mucosal upheaval occurred more medially or above when the vocal fold tension increased.     

A new cata-condensed nonalternant tetracyclic hydrocarbon Azuleno[2,1-e]Azulene

The titled compound is synthesized from cyclopent[e]azulenide by applying Ziegler-Hafner's azulene synthesis. The ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectra indicate large contribution of the structure composed of two azulene-unit (10π) and some contribution of the polarized structure with cyclopentadienyl anion and cycloheptatrienyl cation structures at the terminal 5- and 7-membered rings to the ground state.     

Photogeneration of polyfunctional amines and novel thermal curing reactions of epoxy resin and polyurethane oligomer using these amines

Photochemical reactions of various blocked polyfunctional amines such as bis(4-formylaminophenyl)methane (FAPM), bis(4-acetylaminophenyl)methane (AAPM), bis(4-benzoylaminophenyl)methane (BAPM), 2,4-diformylaminotoluene (DFAT), m-xylene diformamide, and bis[[(2-nitrobenzyl)oxy]carbonyl]hexane-1.6-diamine were carried out to give the corresponding free amines in THF solution, in epoxy resin, or in polyurethane oligomer with terminal isocyanate groups. Photolysis of FAPM and DFAT to produce the corresponding polyfunctional amines such as 4,4'-methylenedianiline and 2,4-diaminotoluene proceeded with 80 and 75% conversions, respectively, in THF solution under UV irradiation at 5 h. AAPM and BAPM also produced the corresponding photo-Fries rearrangement products with 32 and 38% conversions, respectively, under the same irradiation conditions. The photolysis of those compounds also occurred with similar conversions in the epoxy resin and in the polyurethane oligomer under UV irradiation; and the thermal curing reactions of the epoxy resin and the polyurethane oligomer with photogenerated polyfunctional amines proceeded smoothly after heating at 140°C for 2 hrs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Transformation and growth of copper-phthalocyanine crystal in organic suspension

Summary Processes of dimorphic transformation of copper-phthalocyanine, which took place in various organic suspension media, were traced by means of the electron microscopy and theX-ray diffractometry. It has been revealed that the preliminary growth of metastable crystals precedes the actual transition into stable crystals. The preliminary growth has been found also in the case of thin crystalline films of the metastable form vacuum-condensed onto glass plates or cleavage faces of mica, both giving rise to very large slender lamellae of the metastable form. Outward appearances as well as lattice orientations in the crystals themselves are in close resemblance to each other for those two kinds of slender lamellae of metastable and stable crystals. Two crystal habits are assumed by each of the crystal form. In parallel to the longitudinal principal zone axis, two lattice spacings ranging from 9 to 13 Å exist, while perpendicular to this axis, a lattice spacing of about 4 Å exists, again for each crystal form. The mechanism of the nucleation of stable crystals in suspension is also discussed on the basis of the similarity of outward appearance as well as lattice structure of two crystal forms.

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Zusammenfassung Der Prozeß der Phasenumwandlung von Kupfer-Phthalocyanin in verschiedenen organischen Suspensionen wurde elektronenmikroskopisch und röntgenographisch untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß vor dem Übergang in die stabile Phase die metastabilen Kristalle wachsen (Ostwald-Prinzip). Dies ist auch dann der Fall, wenn dünne Schichten der metastabilen Phase im Vakuum auf Glas oder Glimmerspaltflächen kondensiert und mit organischen Lösungsmitteln behandelt werden.In beiden Fällen entstehen sehr große, dünne Lamellen der metastabilen Form. Die äußere Form und die Gitterorientierung dieser dünnen Blättchen sind sich vor und nach der Umwandlung in die stabile Phase sehr ähnlich. In jeder der beiden Kristallformen treten parallel zur longitudinalen Hauptachse je zwei verschiedene Gitterabstände der Größe 9–13 Å auf, während senkrecht zu dieser Achse für jede der beiden Kristallformen ein prinzipieller Gitterabstand um 4 Å auftritt. Auf Grund der Ähnlichkeit der äußeren Erscheinung und der Gitterstruktur der beiden Kristallformen wird ein Keimbildungsmechanismus für die stabile Phase in Suspensionen diskutiert.

     

A new assignment technique of 2D‐NMR spectra by spin‐lock sequence to a tripeptide containing tryptophan in water

We developed a new assignment technique of tryptophan residues using pulsed field gradient TOCSY–ROESY (PFG‐TORO) and pulsed field gradient TOCSY–ROESY–TOCSY (PFG‐TOROTO) techniques in water. Connectivity from βH to ζ2H (H‐7) via ε1H (H‐1) and δ1H (H‐2) in the TORO spectrum and from βH to ζ3H (H‐5) and η2H (H‐6) via ε1H (H‐1) and δ1H (H‐2) in the TOROTO spectrum could be able to assign each of the protons of the indole rings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.