Digital imaging considerations for gel electrophoresis analysis systems

Gel analysis system purchasers have a large variety of digital imaging products to choose from today. Understanding the specifications presented by the manufacturers is important to ensure that the system fits the needs ofthe researcher using the system. The background information contained in this paper explains the terminology and many of the specifications along with their significance.     

Synthesis of (+/-)-secosyrin 1 and a formal synthesis of (-)-secosyrin 1

[reaction: see text] A short synthesis of (+/-)-secosyrin 1 is presented that starts from an electron-deficient furan; reductive alkylation under Birch conditions gives rapid access to the natural product skeleton. Two aspects of stereoselectivity are explored, the first being directed dihydroxylation of a homoallylic alcohol. Second, the facial selectivity obtained during reduction of a highly substituted cyclic ketone was examined. Finally, our synthesis was rendered enantioselective by the reduction of a furan bearing a chiral auxiliary.     

Effects of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers on structure and stability of liposomal dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine

The effects caused by poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO; Pluronic) copolymers on the structure and stability of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) liposomes were studied by means of turbidity, leakage, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy investigations. The results show that by inclusion of Pluronics in the DOPE dispersion it is possible to stabilize the lamellar Lalpha phase and to produce liposomes that are stable and nonleaky at low pH (pH 5). The stabilizing capacity was observed to depend critically on the molecular composition of the Pluronics. Block copolymers with comparably long PPO and PEO segment lengths, such as F127 and F108, most effectively protected DOPE liposomes prepared at high pH from aggregation and subsequent structural rearrangements induced by acidification. A sufficiently long PPO block was found to be the most decisive parameter in order to obtain adequate coverage of the liposome surface at low Pluronic concentrations. Upon increasing the copolymer concentration, however, Pluronics with comparably short PPO and PEO segment lengths, such as F87 and P85, could also be used to stabilize the DOPE liposomes. Essentially the same trends were observed when the Pluronics were added to preformed DOPE liposomes instead of being included in the preparation mixture. In this case the least effective copolymers failed, however, to completely prevent the DOPE liposomes from releasing encapsulated hydrophilic markers.     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners using a polymeric surfactant as the pseudostationary phase

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) of highly hydrophobic compounds is generally difficult using sodium dodecyl sulfate micellar solutions. The polymeric surfactant, polysodium undecyl sulfate (poly-SUS) has been used to separate moderately to highly hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners by MEKC in the absence of cyclodextrins. Parameters such as concentration of acetonitrile (ACN), polymeric surfactant concentration, and the effect of pH were examined. Optimum MEKC conditions to get baseline resolution of nine PCBs was 7.5 mM borate in 40% (v/v) ACN fraction buffered at pH 9.2 using 0.5% (w/v) poly-SUS. The applied voltage was 30 kV and the temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C. Elution order for each PCB congener was found to be dependent on the degree of chlorination and hydrophobic character.     

A novel series of oligomers from 4-aminomethyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylates with 2,4-cis and 2,4-trans stereochemistry

Two tetrahydrofuran-based γ-amino acids [2,4-cis and 2,4-trans] were subjected to iterative peptide-coupling procedures to afford dimeric, tetrameric and hexameric carbopeptoids in good yield. These homooligomers were prepared for secondary structural study—to ascertain the conformational preference inherent in the monomer units. The l-xylo oligomers were protected with triethylsilyl ethers to increase the range of solvents suitable for structural investigation. Initial secondary structure data indicate the presence of hydrogen-bonded conformations in the l-ribo series.     

Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen‐bonded HCN complexes with OH and NH acids: Computational DFT systematic study

Vibrational properties (band position, infrared [IR], and Raman intensities) of C?N stretching mode were studied in 65 gas phase hydrogen‐bonded 1:1 complexes of HCN with OH acids and NH acids using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP‐6‐311++G(d,p) level. Furthermore, general characteristics of the hydrogen bonds and vibrational changes in acids OH/NH stretching bands were also considered. Experimentally observed blue shift of the C?N stretching band promoted by hydrogen bonding, which shortens the triple bond length, is very well reproduced and quantitatively depends on the hydrogen bond length. Both IR and Raman ν(C?N) band intensities are enhanced, also in good agreement with the experimental results. IR intensity increase is a direct function of the hydrogen bond energy. However, the predicted Raman intensity raise is a more complex function, depending simultaneously on characteristics of both the hydrogen bond (C?N bond length) and the H‐donating acid (polarizability). With these two parameters, ν (C?N) Raman intensities of the complexes are explained with a mean error of ±2.4%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

FT-Raman spectroscopy of lichens on dolomitic rocks: an assessment of metal oxalate formation

The FT-Raman spectra of five epilithic lichen taxa growing on dolomite and magnesium-rich carbonate rocks have been analysed and interpreted for the key molecular marker bands associated with calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite), calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddelite) and magnesium oxalate dihydrate. From the results, it can be concluded that the biomineral product of lichen biodeterioration involves the calcareous part of the substratum only; no trace of magnesium oxalate has been found in the Raman spectra. Two of the species, Lecanora sulfurea and Aspicilia calcarea, produce calcium oxalate monohydrate exclusively, but Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata, D. massiliensis f. massiliensis and Tephromela atra produce significant quantities of the dihydrate. An explanation is advanced for the exclusive accumulation of calcium oxalate into the lichen thallus despite the significant presence of magnesium ions.     

The pure rotational Raman spectra of cyanogen, C2N2 and C2N2

The pure rotational Raman spectra of C₂¹⁴N₂ and C₂¹⁵N₂ have been recorded photographically using a 3-metre spectrograph with a reciprocal linear dispersion of 1.4 cm⁻¹ mm⁻¹ at 488.0 nm and analysed to give the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants for both species. Corrections were applied to compensate for the effect of molecules in excited vibrational states on the pure rotational spectra. Comparisons are made with previous infrared vibration—rotational studies on these species and with previous Raman studies on C₂¹⁴N₂. The following bond lengths were calculated: r₀(C---N) = 116 ± 1 pm; r₀(C---C) = 138 ± 2 pm.