A new synthesis of indolo[2,3-α]quinolizidine derivatives: a formal total synthesis of (±)-geissoschizine

A stereospecific elimination process has been developed for introducing the E-ethylidene group in a transformation of tryptamine into methyl (±)-geissoschizoate.     

Mathematical foundations of quantum field theory: Fermions,gauge fields,and supersymmetry part I: Lattice field theories

In this paper we explore the mathematical foundations of quantum field theory. From the mathematical point of view, quantum field theory involves several revolutions in structure just as severe as, if not more than, the revolutionary change involved in the move from classical to quantum mechanics. Ordinary quantum mechanics is based upon real-valued observables which are not all compatible. We will see that the proper mathematical understanding of Fermi fields involves a new concept of probability theory, the graded probability space. This new concept also yields new points of view concerning ergodic theorems in statistical mechanics.     

Polarisation parameters in neutral pion photoproduction

The polarisation parameters Σ, P and T have been measured for the process γp→π⁰p in the photon energy range 1300–2100 MeV and c.m. angles between 30° and 110°, in an experiment with a polarised beam and polarised target. The results are compared with a recent theoretical analysis which fits data from threshold to 16 GeV. The new data are in general agreement with the analysis, but with some significant discrepancies in detail.     

Analysis of 2ν2, ν1, and ν3 of H2Se

We have run the high-resolution infrared absorption spectrum of 2ν₂, ν₁, and ν₃ of H₂Se in the region 5.2 to 3.8 μm. We have identified and fitted approximately 520 transitions in 2ν₂, 930 transitions in ν₁, and 620 transitions in ν₃. Included are transitions from the isotopic species containing selenium isotopes 82, 80, 78, 77, and 76. Using Typke's rotational Hamiltonian, we analyzed all isotopic species simultaneously. Ground-state constants were determined from a simultaneous least-squares fit of 879 distinct ground-state combination differences formed from our data and 109 microwave transitions. Upper-state constants were obtained from least-squares fits of our spectral lines analyzing 2ν₂ as a single noninteracting band and analyzing the Coriolis interacting bands ν₁ and ν₃ simultaneously, keeping the ground-state constants fixed.     

The turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids in the absence of anomalous wall effects

For Newtonian fluids, the engineering predictions for pressure drop in turbulent pipe flow are well established. However, in the case of non-Newtonian liquids, only a few design techniques have been proposed and these do not share a common basis with the approach for Newtonian systems. This present work attempts to provide a common basis for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems in situations where anomalous wall effects are absent. Previously published experimental data suggest that if the Reynolds number is calculated on the basis of the apparent viscosity at the wall then the standard Newtonian correlations can be used for the prediction of pressure drop. The use of the wall viscosity in defining the Reynolds number also serves as a test for anomalous behaviour. Any departure of the experimental data from the Newtonian turbulent friction factor correlation indicates anomalous behaviour.