Eine verbesserte Auswertungsmethode für die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von Hochpolymeren

Zusammenfassung Die theoretischen und experimentellen Bedingungen für eine verbesserte Auswertung der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von Hochpolymeren werden untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß genaue Messungen des Intensitätsverlaufes bei größeren Winkeln die Trennung der Kleinwinkelstreuung in eine reine Grenzflächenstreuung und eine Komponente der Dichteschwankungen innerhalb der Phasen ermöglicht.Diese Trennung erhöht die Genauigkeit der Bestimmung der Invarianten und gestattet die Berechnung der mittleren Durchschußlänge der kristallinen und amorphen Bereiche.Ein Vergleich dieses Längenparameters mit der Langperiode führt bei Annahme einer Lamellenstruktur zu einer Aussage über die Unebenheit der Grenzflächen.Der Absolutwert der Dichtefluktuation innerhalb der Phasen stellt einen zusätzlichen Strukturparameter dar, der besonders stark vom Unordnungsgrad der amorphen Bereiche abhängt.Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit Intensitätsverteilungen im Kleinwinkelbereich, die sich aus der Theorie des Parakristalls ergeben, zeigt, daß es nicht möglich ist, diese Theorie mit den Resultaten der Messungen in Einklang zu bringen.

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Summary The theoretical and experimental conditions for an improved method of evaluating the X-ray small-angle scattering of polymers are studied. It is shown that accurate measurements of the intensity distribution at wide angles makes it possible to decompose the small-angle scattering into a component due to the phase boundaries only and a component related to the density fluctuations within the phases.This separation increases the accuracy of the determination of the invariant and permits the calculation of the average length of segments of the crystalline and the amorphous regions.Assuming a lamellar structure, a comparison of this length parameter with the long period can be used to assess the planarity of the boundaries. The absolute value of the density fluctuations within the phases represents a supplementary structural parameter which is largely determined by the degree of disorder in the amorphous regions.A comparison of the experimental results with calculated intensity distributions in the small-angle region based on the theory of the paracrystal shows that it is impossible to bring this theory into agreement with the experimental results.

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Vorgetragen auf der Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses Physik der Hochpolymeren in der Frühjahrstagung Berlin 1971 vom 9. bis 13. März des Regionalverbandes Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin.

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Wir danken Herrn Dr.H. Tompa für das Programm zur Berechnung der in Abb. 9 wiedergegebenen Interferenzfunktion, Herrn Prof. Dr.G. Rehage für die Polystyrolpräparate und HerrnJ. P. Pauwels, HerrnJ. Braibant und dem Personal unseres Rechenzentrums für die Mitarbeit.     

Emission studies of pyrene solutions

Emission spectra of pyrene in hexane have been obtained over a temperature range (from 130 to 260 K) that has not been explored before for concentrations ranging from 10^?4 mole/? to 2 × 10^?2 mole/?. A conventional and new approximation which does not depend on the experimental set-up response functions has been used for evaluating pyrene excimer association energy W_DM and other pyrene parameters. In both methods W_DM agrees quite satisfactorlly, at all concentrations used, with that reported in the literature and obtained by other techniques. However, both approximation fail to yield the right values of the rate parameters at concentrations ? 2 g/?. This set the upper limit of sample solubility to be at C = 2g/? for our range of temperature. Furthermore, the new approximation can probably be used at higher concentration (for higher range of temperature) and even may be used for other organic molecules. There was also no difference in the ratio of the excimer (I_D) to monomer (I_M) quantum yields when an intense laser beam was used as a source of excitation rather than a super-pressure Hg-lamp. This suggested that the concentrations we used might not be large enough. As a result, the laser beam would not create enough density of excited molecules to affect the ratio of I_D/I_M.     

The formation of filamentous structures from iodinated neurotubules.

The porcine neurotubule and its basic subunit were found to be modified in vitro by iodination of amino acids (principally tyrosine) using lactoperoxidase. Iodide ion, H2O2, or lactoperoxidase singly or in any pairwise combination had virtually no effect on neurotubules. However, when all three reagents were present, permitting covalent iodination, it was found that at 0.1 iodotyrosines per tubulin dimer the microtubules unravel to form structures which morphologically resemble strands of protofilaments twisted or wound around each other. These abnormal tubules are stable at room temperature and 4 degrees C. Both monomers of tubulin are labeled to approximately the same extent. Iodinated tubulin (0.1 iodotyrosines/dimer) is unable to assemble in vitro under normal assembly conditions. Heavily iodinated microtubules (8 iodines per tubulin dimer) are similar in morphology to the slightly iodinated structures.     

MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE FLUORESCENCE QUANTUM YIELD OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN SOLUTION

A DETAILED investigation of the temperature dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield φ_f can yield–directly or indirectly–significant information about behavior of excited states of organic molecules, such as the temperature effect on radiationless transitions and on photochemical reactivity. Variation of the temperature changes the viscosity of the solvent and, in conjunction with measurements of φ_f( T ), allows investigations of diffusion-controlled processes. For example, energy transfer and quenching processes as well as excimer or exciplex formation fall into this category. Recent review articles by Weller (1962) and Birks (1970) deal with this topic. Moreover, Huber and Mantulin (1972) have suggested that restraints placed upon geometric modifications of the excited molecule by temperature-induced changes in the solvent cage (variation of site structure) are reflected in a varying φ_f.
The purpose of this note is to describe and verify a simple procedure, accurate to about ± 5%, for measuring the relative fluorescence quantum yield as a function of temperature. A quantum yield study of 9,10-diphenylanthracene between room temperature and 77°K is employed to demonstrate the capabilities of this method. In addition, we consider an example of diffusion-controlled quenching by oxygen measured over a wide temperature range.     

Chlorination of α-sulfonyl carbanions with hexachloroethane: A novel preparation of α-halosulfones

The cyclic sulfones1,2, and3 are lithiated in benzene with n-butyllithium. Lithiation is demonstrated to lead to α-mono, α,α′-di and/or α,α-di and α,α,α′ trimetallation. The lithiated sulfones are chlorinated with hexachloroethane (HCE). Some mechanistic aspects of the reaction of the lithiosulfones with vicinal dihalides are discussed.     

Neuere Ergebnisse zur Anwendung der Gras-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die allgemeine Entwicklung der Gaschromatographie (GC) berichtet, soweit sie deren Anwendung beeinflussen kann. Neuere Ergebnisse zur Trennsäulenherstellung (Trennflüssigkeit, Trägermaterial und Zusätze) und zur Anwendung von Korrekturfaktoren bei der quantitativen GC werden gestreift. Eine neue Säulenkennzahl, die Trennzahl wird zur Diskussion gestellt. Sie ersetzt die Trennstufenzahl beim Vergleich von isotherm und nichtiostherm betriebenen gefüllten Trennsäulen und Trenncapillaren. Der Bericht schließt mit Hinweisen auf die Tief temperatur-GC, die Anwendung hochflüchtiger Trennflüssigkeiten auch bei Bestimmung physikalisch-chemischer Daten und die Ausweitung der GC auf Gebiete der anorganischen Chemie.Auszugsweise vorgetragen zum Arbeitstreffen GC in der Technischen Hoch. schule Karlsruhe, Oktober 1961.     

Dark induction of haem oxygenase messenger RNA by haematoporphyrin derivative and zinc phthalocyanine; agents for photodynamic therapy.

Haematoporphyrin derivative is one of the main drugs currently used in clinical trials involving photodynamic therapy of cancer, and zinc phthalocyanine is being considered as one of several possible alternatives. We show that incubation of cultured human fibroblasts populations with either of the two drugs will lead to a sharp increase in the accumulation of the messenger RNA corresponding to haem oxygenase. Only cells incubated with haematoporphyrin derivative show additional enhancement of expression of this specific gene on exposure to red light. Since haem oxygenase induction appears to be a specific stress response that may be involved in cellular defence, such observations should be confirmed under conditions which would allow the clinical implications to be fully evaluated.     

Studies of phosphazenes. Aminolysis reactions of pentachloro(2′, 2′, 2′-triphenyl-phosphazen-1′-yl) cyclotriphosphazene,N3P3Cl5(NPPh3)

The reactions of pentachloro(2′, 2′, 2′-triphenylphosphazen-1′-yl)cyclotriphosphazene, N₃P₃Cl₅(NPPh₃), with primary and secondary amines have been investigated using diethyl ether, methyl cyanid or benzene as the solvent. The structures of the products obtained, N₃P₃Cl_5minus;nR_n(NPPh₃) [n = 1, R = NHMe, NHBu^t, NMe₂, NC₅H₁₀, NEt₂; n = 2, R = NMe₂, NC₅H₁₀, NEt₂; n = 3, R = NMe₂, NHBu^t; n = 5, R = NMe₂] are elucidated by ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The ? NPPh₃ substituent exerts a pronounced geminal directing influence on incoming secondary amino nucleophiles; compounds containing a ≡ PCl(NPPh₃) group are not formed at the bis and subsequent stages of chlorine replacement. The reactions that involve primary amines follow the pattern established for the analogous reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. The effect of solvent and possible mechanism(s) are discussed.     

Two-dimensional separations and behaviour of alkaloids of various polarities on unmodified silica gel in polar and very polar neutral or acidic mobile phases

Summary New separation procedures for alkaloids of similar polarity and structure or of very different polarity and structure, based upon two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on unmodified silica gel under mild conditions are described. Separation factors and separation mechanisms based on the structure of the bases and mobile phase composition are discussed for some examples of very efficient procedures.Proportions in solvent mixtures are v/v except where otherwise indicated.