Numerical Simulation of Crack Growth in Polyethylene Composites by Means of the Cohesive Zone Model

Summary: The cohesive zone model is used for the numerical simulation of crack growth in homogeneous specimens made of two different grades of polyethylene (PE) as well as in PE-bimaterials. The material data and the shapes of the cohesive function are deduced from experimental data by Ivankovic et al., Eng. Fract. Mech. 71, 2004, 657–668 and Ting et al., Polym. Eng. Sci. 46, 2006, 763–777. Fracture toughness parameters are evaluated from the simulated load versus displacement curves. The results show a significant influence of the arrangement of the two PE-grades in the bimaterial specimens, caused by both the different material properties and the different characteristic parameters of the cohesive function.     

Bonded stationary phases for reversed phase liquid chromatography with a water mobile phase: application to subcritical water extraction

Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is demonstrated for hydrophobic analytes such as aromatic hydrocarbons on a chemically bonded stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of only water. Reversed phase liquid chromatography separations using a water-only mobile phase has been termed WRP-LC for water-only reversed phase LC. Reasonable capacity factors are achieved through the use of a non-porous silica substrate resulting in a chromatographic phase volume ratio much lower than usually found in RP-HPLC. Two types of bonded WRP-LC columns have been developed and applied. A brush phase was synthesized from an organochlorosilane. The other phase, synthesized from an organodichlorosilane, is termed a branch phase and results in a polymeric structure of greater thickness than the brush phase. A baseline separation of a mixture containing benzaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and ethyl benzene in less than 5 min is demonstrated using a water mobile phase with 12 000 plates generated for the unretained benzaldehyde peak. The theoretically predicted minimum reduced plate height is also shown to be approached for the unretained analyte using the brush phase. As an application, subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 200°C is combined with WRP-LC. This combination allows for the extraction of organic compounds from solid matrices immediately followed by liquid chromatographic separation of those extracted compounds all using a solvent of 100% water. We demonstrate SWE/WRP-LC by spiking benzene, ethyl benzene, and naphthalene onto sand then extracting the analytes with SWE followed by chromatographic separation on a WRP column. A sand sample contaminated with gasoline was also analyzed using SWE/WRP-LC. This extraction process also provides kinetic information about the rate of analyte extraction from the sand matrix. Under the conditions employed, analytes were extracted at different rates, providing additional selectivity in addition to the WRP-LC separation.