Fundamentals and some applications of photoelectrocatalysis and effective factors on its efficiency: a review

Effluents of a large variety of industries usually contain important quantities of synthetic organic compounds. The discharge of these compounds in the environment causes considerable non-aesthetic pollution and serious health risk factors. Since conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot degrade the majority of these pollutants, powerful methods for the decontamination of dye wastewaters have received increasing attention over the past decade. In this work, fundamentals and main applications of photoelectrocatalysis as one of the most powerful and recent progresses of emerging photoassisted electrochemical treatments with UV irradiation are studied. The effect of various effective factors such as photoanode type, light source and its intensity, pH solution value, type and concentration of supporting electrolyte, type of cathode electrode, to be moving of photoanode or solution, thicknesses of semiconductor film on the electrode surface, and applied potential on the destruction of pollutants is described. Furthermore, various methods used for TiO₂ modification are mentioned. Also, application of photocatalysts except semiconductors is presented for photoelectrocatalytic aims. Finally, application of photoelectrocatalysis in determination of materials as a new method is discussed.     

An investigation of an Emden-Fowler equation from thin film flow

A third-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) for thin film flow with both Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions is transformed into a second-order nonlinear ODE with Dirichlet boundary conditions.Numerical solutions of the nonlinear second-order ODE are investigated using finite difference schemes.A finite difference formulation to an Emden-Fowler representation of the second-order nonlinear ODE is shown to converge faster than a finite difference formulation of the standard form of the second-order nonlinear ODE.Both finite difference schemes satisfy the von Neumann stability criteria.When mapping the numerical solution of the second-order ODE back to the variables of the original third-order ODE we recover the position of the contact line.A nonlinear relationship between the position of the contact line and physical parameters is obtained.     

Levamizole enhances immune responsiveness to intra-dermal and intra-muscular hepatitis B vaccination in chronic hemodialysis patients

Background  

Hemodialysis patient are at high risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.     

Synthesis of pyrano[2,3-<Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>]pyrazoles by ionic liquids under green and eco-safe conditions

Optimization of a green approach to the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles based on the one-pot, four-component condensation via a domino Knoevenagel/Michael/cyclization sequence was investigated. This method involved the evaluation of the activity of several ionic liquids (ILs) in various solvents. This one-pot, four-component reaction revealed simplicity, higher yield and lower toxicity advantages over a corresponding three-component method. The effect of reaction parameters including the type and amount of catalyst, type of solvent, reaction temperature and time were studied with respect to yield of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles. Catalyst recyclability and time-saving aspects of the reaction suggest that this method presents real alternatives over conventional reaction protocols.     

Intramolecular cyclization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-propargyl anilines: a new synthetic entry into highly substituted indoles

Indole derivatives are an important class of heterocycle found in a large number of natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals. Given the low cost and easy availability of N-propargyl anilines, synthesis of indole cores from these versatile structural motifs has attracted a lot of attention in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the most representative and interesting reports on this rapidly advancing area, with special emphasis on mechanistic aspects of the reactions.     

SBA-15-functionalized TEMPO confined ionic liquid: an efficient catalyst system for transition-metal-free aerobic oxidation of alcohols with improved selectivity

A novel SBA-15-functionalized TEMPO confined ionic liquid [BMIm]Br was found to be a highly efficient and recyclable catalyst system for the transition-metal-free aerobic oxidation of a wide range of structurally diverse alcohols. Thanks to the strong physical confinement of the ionic liquid inside the mesochannels of SBA-15-supported TEMPO, the resulting solid catalyst showed improved selectivity in the aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols. The catalyst can be recovered and re-used for at least 11 reaction runs without significant loss of either activity or confined IL.     

Continuous and discrete flows over time

Network flows over time form a fascinating area of research. They model the temporal dynamics of network flow problems occurring in a wide variety of applications. Research in this area has been pursued in two different and mainly independent directions with respect to time modeling: discrete and continuous time models. In this paper we deploy measure theory in order to introduce a general model of network flows over time combining both discrete and continuous aspects into a single model. Here, the flow on each arc is modeled as a Borel measure on the real line (time axis) which assigns to each suitable subset a real value, interpreted as the amount of flow entering the arc over the subset. We focus on the maximum flow problem formulated in a network where capacities on arcs are also given as Borel measures and storage might be allowed at the nodes of the network. We generalize the concept of cuts to the case of these Borel Flows and extend the famous MaxFlow-MinCut Theorem.     

On fail‐safe systems under random shocks

In practical situations, systems often suffer shocks from external stressing environments, stressing the system at random. These random shocks may have non‐ignorable effects on the system's reliability. In this paper, we provide sufficient (and necessary) conditions on components' lifetimes and their surviving probabilities from random shocks for comparing the lifetimes of two fail‐safe systems by means of the usual stochastic, hazard rate, and likelihood ratio orderings. Numerical examples are presented to highlight these theoretical results as well.     

A closed form of a kurtosis parameter of a hypergeometric-Gaussian type-Ⅱ beam

Based on the irradiance moment definition and the analytical expression of waveform propagation for hypergeometricGaussian type-Ⅱ beams passing through an ABCD system, the kurtosis parameter is derived analytically and illustrated numerically. The kurtosis parameters of the Gaussian beam, modified Bessel modulated Gaussian beam with quadrature radial and elegant Laguerre–Gaussian beams are obtained by treating them as special cases of the present treatment. The obtained results show that the kurtosis parameter depends on the change of the beam order m and the hollowness parameter p, such as its decrease with increasing m and increase with increasing p.