Dual-axes confocal microscopy with post-objective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection

We present a dual-axes confocal microscope that employs postobjective scanning and low-coherence heterodyne detection to collect vertical cross-sectional images from biological tissue with high axial resolution, reduced noise from scattered light, deep tissue penetration, and a large dynamic range. This architecture can be scaled down to millimeter dimensions with microelectromechanical systems technology for performance of in vivo optical biopsy.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Pb(Zr1?xTix)O3复合梯度薄摸以及介电与热释电特性

"在Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si基片上用溶胶-凝胶法生长制备了PZT(Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3)复合梯度铁电薄膜． 薄膜最终结构由6层组成,"向上"梯度薄膜在Pt底电极上的第一层从PbZrO3开始,顶层是PZT(50/50),即第一层是PbZrO3,第二层PZT90/10 (10%Ti),第三层是PZT80/20,第四层PZT70/30,第五层PZT60/40,第六层PZT50/50．每一层与此相反的是"向下"梯度PZT薄膜．用X射线衍射、俄歇电子能谱和阻抗分析来研究梯度薄膜的结构与介电特性．600     

Observation of collective-emission-induced cooling of atoms in an optical cavity

We report the observation of collective-emission-induced, velocity-dependent light forces. One-third of a falling sample containing 3 x 10(6) cesium atoms illuminated by a horizontal standing wave is stopped by cooperatively emitting light into a vertically oriented, confocal resonator. We observe decelerations up to 1500 m/s(2) and cooling to temperatures as low as 7 microK, well below the free-space Doppler limit. The measured forces substantially exceed those predicted for a single two-level atom.     

First results from KamLAND: evidence for reactor antineutrino disappearance

KamLAND has measured the flux of nu;(e)'s from distant nuclear reactors. We find fewer nu;(e) events than expected from standard assumptions about nu;(e) propagation at the 99.95% C.L. In a 162 ton.yr exposure the ratio of the observed inverse beta-decay events to the expected number without nu;(e) disappearance is 0.611+/-0.085(stat)+/-0.041(syst) for nu;(e) energies >3.4 MeV. In the context of two-flavor neutrino oscillations with CPT invariance, all solutions to the solar neutrino problem except for the "large mixing angle" region are excluded.     

Preparation of epitaxial compositionally graded (Ba1-xSrx)TiO3 thin films with enhanced dielectric properties

Epitaxial compositionally graded (Ba_1-xSr_x)TiO₃ (BST) (0.0x0.25) thin films were deposited on (100) LaAlO₃ substrates by pulsed laser ablation, the substrates having bottom electrodes made of 100-nm-thick conductive La_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃ (LSCO). Extensive X-ray diffraction, rocking-curve, and -scan studies indicate that the graded films are (100)-oriented and exhibit good in-plane relationships of [010]_BST//[010]_LAO and [001]_BST//[001]_LAO. For the up-graded films with barium concentration (1-x) increasing across the film thickness in the direction from the film/substrate interface to the film surface, the full width at half maximum of the BST film (200) rocking curve and the surface roughness, examined by atomic force microscopy, were larger than those of the down-graded films with barium concentration decreasing from the film/substrate interface to the film surface. The dielectric properties of the graded films, measured using vertical structures, show that at room temperature, the dielectric constant (_r) and dissipation factor (cos) at 100 kHz were 380 and 0.013 for the up-graded films, and 650 and 0.010 for the down-graded films, respectively. The dielectric behavior was enhanced in the down-graded films, which was attributed to the fact that the pure BaTiO₃ layer in the down-graded BST films not only serves as a bottom layer but also acts as an excellent seeding layer for enhancing subsequent film growth, leading to better film crystallinity and larger grain sizes in the down-graded films. The graded BST films undergo a diffuse phase transition, giving a broad, flat capacitance-versus-temperature profile. With such a graded structure, it is possible to build a dielectric thin-film capacitor having a capacitance which has a low temperature dependence over a broad temperature regime. PACS 77.55.+f; 68.55.Jk; 81.15.Fg     

离散孔纵向波纹隔热屏气膜冷却特性研究

本文对离散气膜孔型纵向波纹隔热屏的冷却特性进行数值计算.研究中主要参数有冷却通道无量纲高度h,波纹板无量纲高度b及气膜孔无量纲直径d.波纹板高度的变化对冷却效果的影响最为明显.波纹板高度越小,隔热屏壁面冷却效果越好.降低冷却通道高度可以提高隔热屏前面部分的冷却效果.开孔率一定,气膜孔直径较小,隔热屏冷却效果较好.     

Transparent carbon nanotube-based driving electrodes for liquid crystal dispersion display devices

We report the fabrication of transparent rigid or flexible liquid crystal dispersion displays driven by electrodes prepared from coating inert substrates with stable aqueous suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) or multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The SWNT-coated electrodes exhibit a dense nanotube network with a sheet resistivity ( 25 k) about one decade lower than that of their MWNT counterparts. The electro-optical performance of the SWNT-based devices is at least equivalent to that of an indium tin oxide-based display, whereas those driven by MWNT electrodes operate at slightly higher threshold and saturation voltages. The novel, flexible display devices can be repeatedly bent without any noticeable loss of physical characteristics. PACS 42.79.Kr; 61.46.+w; 81.07.De     

Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature based on PCF-based interferometer and fiber Bragg grating

A sensor head consisting of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature. The MZI fabricated by splicing a short length of PCF between two single-mode fibers with the air-hole structure that completely collapsed near the splicing points, is sensitive to fiber bending and surrounding temperature, while the FBG is only sensitive to the later. Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature is therefore obtained. Sensitivities of 4.06 nm/m^− 1 and 6.30 pm/°C are achieved experimentally for curvature and temperature, respectively. And the corresponding resolutions are 5.2 × 10^− 4 m^− 1 and 1.25 °C for curvature and temperature, respectively, based on the wavelength measurement resolution of 10 pm.     

A geometric characterisation of resonance in Hopf bifurcation from relative equilibria

We give a new characterisation of resonance in Hopf bifurcation from relative equilibria in systems with compact symmetry group. This characterisation provides a full geometric explanation of the resonance phenomenon. In addition, we develop techniques based on normal form theory to give a complete solution to the associated bifurcation problem.     

Ultrasonic transducers using electron-irradiated vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymers

Single-element, planar transducers have been fabricated using electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 80/20 mol% copolymers with different electron dosage. Electrical field-induced strain response of copolymer film with 100 Mrad dosage has been studied at 5 kHz and the electrostrictive coefficient was calculated. The transmitting response of the air-backing and epoxy-backing transducers was evaluated with the application of high DC bias voltages. Clear ultrasonic amplitudes and high frequency spectrum (>20 MHz) were observed when driven from a standard ultrasonic voltage source through a decoupling circuit. It has also showed that larger generation of ultrasonic waves will be induced under high DC bias field, which is due to the increase of induced d(33) piezoelectric coefficient. Two different polar bias voltages, positive and negative, were applied to the transducers and inverse waveforms were received, which was coincident with the theoretical analysis of the strain response of electrostrictive film.