Protonated Sodium 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonates

Powder X-ray diffraction study of sodium salts of 1-hydroxyethane-1'1-diphosphonic acid (H₄L)of the compositions NaH₃L·H₂O, Na₂H₂L·4H₂O, Na₃HL·5.5H₂O showed that these compounds aresingle-phase. Some of their properties were determined. The possibility of preparing salts of other compositionswas examined.     

The origin of thermodynamic stability of microemulsions

The adsorption of surfactant and cosurfactant on the surface of the globules decreases the interfacial tension between oil and water to very low values. In addition, the decrease of the bulk concentrations of the surfactant and cosurfactant decreases their chemical potential both in the bulk and at the interface, thus decreasing the free energy of the system (dilution effect). The thermodynamic stability of microemulsions is due to the fact that the total free energy change caused by these effects can become negative. The theory can explain the occurence of stable microemulsions for both non-ionic and ionic surfactants.     

Solute absorption into molten polystyrene

The equilibrium volatilities at near infinite dilution of various solutes absorbed in molten polystyrene have been determined by a gas chromatographic technique. This method is much more rapid, although, with the present apparatus, probably less accurate than conventional static techniques. The primary parameters obtained from measurements of retention volumes are the Henry's law constants, from which are derived the weight and volume fraction activity coefficients, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, and the heats of dilution and solution. Of the solutes investigated, 2-butanone (MEK) was the least, and benzene the most compatible (highest and lowest volume fraction activity coefficients, respectively) with molten polystyrene. A small, but definite, variation of the activity coefficients with polystyrene molecular weight was observed.     

Chemistry of indole

5-Methoxy-3-carbethoxyindoles are nitrated primarily in the 4 position. Replacement of the methoxy group by an acetoxy group leads to a change in orientation — only the 6 isomer is obtained. In the case of the similarly constructed 5-hydroxyindoles, monosubstitution cannot be accomplished under various conditions, and only the 4,6-dinitro derivative is formed. The synthesis of the corresponding amines by reduction of the nitro compounds is described.See [1] for communication XXXVIII.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1646–1653, December, 1973.     

Reactions of azirines with sulfur nucleophiles. 2. Reactions of 2H-azirine with β,γ-dihydroxy thiols and β-dithiols. a new route to the synthesis of cyclic sulfides

The reaction of 2H-azirine with a number of dihydroxy thiols and dithiols leads to aziridin-2-yl alkyl sulfides. The latter readily isomerize to cyclic sulfides the size of the ring of which is determined by the length of the alkyl sulfide chain.For Communication 1, see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 623–627, May, 1985.