Combined X-ray-electron imaging techniques: Limitations on lateral resolution

Capabilities of the imaging techniques, in which X-rays are converted to electrons and then the emitted electrons are registered by means of an electron microscope, are analyzed, the focus being on the factors limiting lateral resolution at the stage of electron emission. Bearing in mind the tendency to use harder synchrotron X-rays for some combined X-ray-electron microscopy methods, calculations were made for two significantly different X-ray energies: E = 1.828 keV (K-edge of Si) and E = 11.923 keV (L₃-edge of Au). By using Monte Carlo simulations of the electron trajectories beneath the surface of the sample we show that the radius of the spot from which photoelectrons are emitted could be as small as 1 nm. However, when proper account is taken of an entire electron cascade associated with the re-building of electron shells after photoelectron emission, spots more than one order of magnitude larger result, limiting the best lateral resolution to 20–30 nm.     

High order linear initial-value problems and Schauder bases

In this paper we approximate the solution of a linear initial-value problem, making use of a Schauder basis for certain Banach space associated with such a differential problem. In addition, we apply that results in order to calculate numerically the response from a structure modelled by a three degree-of-freedom mass–damper–spring system.     

Synthesis of metabolites of 3-O-t-butylmorphine

The synthesis of 2-hydroxymethyl-2-propylmorphine ( 5 ) and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-propylnormorphine ( 7 ), the major rat urinary metabolites of 3-O-t-butylmorphine ( 3 ) are described.     

Violation of KNO scaling and the NBD phenomenon in the framework of the statistical bootstrap model

The connection is considered of multiplicity distributions in three stages: partonic, hadronization, and hadronic. An interpretation of the LoPHD parameter is found. It is shown that under specific hypotheses on the form of the mass spectrum, the statistical bootstrap model leads to the negative binomial distribution (NBD) at the hadronic stage of development of the multiple production process with specific analytic dependences of the parameters of the NBD.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 28–32, May, 1991.One of the authors (V. I. Kuvshinov) is thankful to R. Hagedorn and G. Burgers for numerous discussions.     

Introduction to the proceedings of the thirteenth symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology -     

Taylor-Galerkin algorithms for viscoelastic flow: Application to a model problem

Coupled and decoupled Taylor-Galerkin algorithms are considered for viscoelastic flow and a model problem—transient startup Poiseuille flow in a channel under a fixed pressure gradient. All algorithms reproduce the steady-state solutions and are stable at high elasticity numbers (E). For a fixed mesh, the coupled and decoupled versions (TGC and TGD) give exceptional time-accuracy at low elasticity numbers [to within O(1%) at E = 1] and reasonable accuracy at high elasticity numbers [to within O(10%) at E = 10, 100]. By definition, the decoupled false-transient scheme (TGF), which uses different time scales for velocity and stress time stepping, provides a poor transient history. Where the main requirement is to compute a steady-state algorithm efficiency is crucial. The TGF scheme attains a steady state between six to eight times faster than does the TGC scheme, and the latter is over twice as fast as the TGD form. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.