Atomic force microscopy studies on phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of CMTC crystals

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to investigate the phase transitions and surface morphology transformation of cadmium mercury thiocyanate (CMTC) crystals, which are highly efficient nonlinear optical (NLO) materials for generating blue-violet light by laser frequency doubling. Amorphous aggregates at the crystalline steps become greatly contracted and much more crystalloid after the crystal was kept for one day. Elimination of dangling bonds, which lower the surface free energy at the crystal surface, and structural adjustment inside the crystal are assumed to cause this phase transition. Surface morphology transformations were also observed in CMTC crystals during and after multiple scanning by AFM tips. We have visualized the continuous translation process from two-dimensional nuclei to trigonal microcrystals with almost equal sizes during multiple scanning. In other cases, however, the surface morphology did not change at all during scanning, but became greatly altered hours after scanning. These experimental results suggest that reconstruction is a characteristic growth phenomenon on CMTC crystal surfaces. Reconstruction probably results from the formation of intervening metastable phases that have the potential to arrive at more stable stages; however, multiple scanning of AFM tips greatly affects this translation process. Received: 28 August 2001 / Accepted: 7 November 2001 / Published online: 29 May 2002     

Synthesis and conductivities of the apatite-type systems, La9.33+xSi6−yMyO26+z (M=Co, Fe, Mn) and La8Mn2Si6O26

Apatite-type oxides of formula (La/Sr)_10−xSi₆O_26+y have been attracting significant interest recently, because of their high oxide ion conductivity. In this paper we report the synthesis and conductivities of phases based on doping La_9.33Si₆O₂₆ with Co, Fe, Mn on the Si site, according to the formula La_9.33+x/3Si_6−xM_xO₂₆ (M=Co, Fe, Mn). Substitution limits observed were x≤1.5 (Co), x≤1.25 (Fe), x≤0.5 (Mn). Higher Mn levels could be achieved by substituting onto the La site, with it being possible to prepare the phase La₈Mn₂Si₆O₂₆. The highest conductivities were observed for the Co doped samples, although investigations into the dependence of conductivity on p(O₂) (0.2–10⁻⁵ atm.) indicated that the conductivity was dominated by the electronic component in these cases. In contrast, the conductivities for the Fe and Mn doped samples were mainly ionic in the same p(O₂) range. Experiments into varying the oxygen content of these doped phases indicated that increasing the oxygen content above the nominally stoichiometric O₂₆ appears to increase the oxide ion conductivity. Preliminary studies of the reactivity of the electrolyte La_9.33Si₆O₂₆ with potential SOFC cathode materials (La_1−xSr_xMO₃; M=Co, Fe, Mn) suggests that reaction can occur at high temperatures leading to the incorporation of the transition metal into the apatite electrolyte. However, the fact that these doped phases exhibit high conductivities suggests that this may limit any problems caused by such a reaction at the electrolyte-electrode interface. Paper presented at the 8th EuroConference on Ionics, Carvoeiro, Algarve, Portugal, Sept. 16–22, 2001.     

Quantum chemical construction of a reduced reaction Hamiltonian and T 1 -relaxation and pure T 2 -dephasing rates for the proton transfer in 3-chlorotropolone

Separating multidimensional problems into that of a relevant system which is coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators is a common concept in condensed phase theory. Focusing on the specific problem of intramolecular proton transfer in an isolated tropolone derivative, we consider the reactive proton moving in the plane of the molecule as the system and the remaining substrate normal modes as the bath. An all-Cartesian system-plus-substrate Hamiltonian is constructed employing density functional theory. It is then used to determine the temperature-dependent effective reduced reaction Hamiltonian and the state-to-state dissipation rates induced via the system-substrate coupling up to the bi-quadratic order. The important substrate modes for the T₁-relaxation and the pure T₂-dephasing rates, which are either intra- or inter-well in nature, are identified numerically and analyzed physically with molecular details. Received 19 November 2001 and Received in final form 19 February 2002     

超导体磁场穿透深度测量中的数据分析问题

讨论了目前在超导体磁场穿透深度λ测量中常用的几种数据分析方法.着重指出对于那些只能测量λ随温度的变化值Δλ(T),而无法测量其绝对值的实验而言,一种合适的数据分析方法对于我们从实验中得出正确的结论尤其重要.而微分归一法将有效地克服目前此类实验中常用数据处理方法的不足,从而实现理论与实验间的无参量比较. 关键词： 超导体 磁场穿透深度     

镧与真空沉积银纳米粒子的金属间化合

根据HumeRothery规则,分析了银与镧两元素之间形成金属间化合物的倾向性,并根据真空蒸发沉积的条件,分析了在真空蒸发沉积情况下镧与银之间形成金属间化合物的可能性.用X射线光电子能谱化学位移方法对真空蒸发沉积的银、镧薄膜进行了分析,结果表明在真空沉积条件下镧与银之间的确形成了金属间化合物. 关键词： 金属间化合物 镧 银 纳米粒子     

KNSBN晶体猫式互抽动相位共轭光特性

在KNSBN：Ce晶体中，利用二波耦合作用，在单一光束无法获得相位共轭光的条件下，实现了“猫”式互抽运相位共轭光输出，获得较高的共轭光发射率，实验结果表明，晶体的二波耦合作用可以使晶体的自抽运相位共轭光的阈值光强降低。入射光的入射角范围增大，响应时间缩短。     

GaN(0001)表面的电子结构研究

报道了纤锌矿WZ(wurtzite)GaN(0001)表面的电子结构研究.采用全势线性缀加平面波方法计算得到了GaN分波态密度,与以前实验结果一致.讨论了Ga3d对GaN电子结构的影响.利用同步辐射角分辨光电子能谱技术研究了价带电子结构.通过改变光子能量的垂直出射谱勾画沿ΓA方向的体能带结构,与计算得到的能带结构符合得较好.根据沿ΓK和ΓM方向的非垂直出射谱,确定了两个表面态的能带色散 关键词： GaN 角分辨光电发射 全势线性缀加平面波 电子结构     

Maximum speed of pitch change and how it may relate to speech

How fast speakers can change pitch voluntarily is potentially an important articulatory constraint for speech production. Previous attempts at assessing the maximum speed of pitch change have helped improve understanding of certain aspects of pitch production in speech. However, since only "response time"--time needed to complete the middle 75% of a pitch shift--was measured in previous studies, direct comparisons with speech data have been difficult. In the present study, a new experimental paradigm was adopted in which subjects produced rapid successions of pitch shifts by imitating synthesized model pitch undulation patterns. This permitted the measurement of the duration of entire pitch shifts. Native speakers of English and Mandarin participated as subjects. The speed of pitch change was measured both in terms of response time and excursion time-time needed to complete the entire pitch shift. Results show that excursion time is nearly twice as long as response time. This suggests that physiological limitation on the speed of pitch movement is greater than has been recognized. Also, it is found that the maximum speed of pitch change varies quite linearly with excursion size, and that it is different for pitch rises and falls. Comparisons of present data with data on speed of pitch change from studies of real speech found them to be largely comparable. This suggests that the maximum speed of pitch change is often approached in speech, and that the role of physiological constraints in determining the shape and alignment of F0 contours in speech is probably greater than has been appreciated.     

Large enhancement of spontaneous emission rates of InAs quantum dots in GaAs microdisks

We have studied the enhancement of spontaneous emission rates for InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs microdisks in a time-resolved photoluminescence experiment. Inhomogeneous broadening of the quantum dot energy levels and random spatial distribution of the quantum dots in a microdisk lead to a broad distribution of the spontaneous emission rates. Using a nonnegative least-norm algorithm, we extract the distribution of spontaneous emission rates from the temporal decay of emission intensity. The maximum spontaneous emission enhancement factor exceeds 10.     

一维无序体系电子跳跃导电研究

建立了电子隧穿电导模型,推导了一维无序体系新的直流电导公式.通过计算20000格点无序体系的直流电导率,分析了直流电导率和温度及外场电压的关系,讨论了无序度对直流电导的影响.计算结果表明,无序体系的直流电导率随无序度的增加而减小;外加电场较小时,电导率相对较大,且出现一系列峰值,电压较大时,电导率反而较小;无序体系在低温区出现了负微分电阻特性,电导率随温度的升高而增大,在高温区电导率随温度的升高而减小.计算结果和实验符合很好 关键词： 无序体系 电子隧穿 直流电导率