Calculations of the electronic structures of cage molecules using free-electron orbitals as a basis

A non-empirical molecular orbital method, particularly suitable for calculations on cage-like molecules, is described. The method uses as basis functions the set of free-electron functions which are the solutions of Schrödinger's equation for an electron confined between two concentric, spherical potential energy barriers. Application of the theory to the SCF calculation of the energies of the delocalized electrons in benzene and tetrasulphur tetranitride shows that the model is capable of interpreting the properties of such systems. However, it does highlight a difficulty in the calculation of excited state energies with one-centre models which appears to be largely unrecognized.Extension of the method to a consideration of all the valence electrons, using P₄ as an example, reveals problems the origin of which is an inadequate treatment of the core electrons. It is suggested that these problems may best be dealt with by use of a suitable pseudo potential.     

Vaporisation et dissociation thermique des sulfures de phosphore P4S3, P4S7 et P4S10 a l'etat gazeux

Résumé Nous avons montré par spectrométrie Raman à chaud et mesure des tensions de vapeur que P₄S₃ se vaporise de façon congruente tandis que P₄S₇ et P₄S₁₀ se dissocient dès le début de leur vaporisation. P₄S₇ donne réversiblement P₄S₃ et soufre. P₄S₁₀ se dissocie irréversiblement en P₄S₇ et soufre. A l'état de vapeur non saturante, P₄S₃ se dissocie au-dessus de 600° avec formation de phosphore, de soufre et d'autres espèces non identifiées.Nous avons mesuré expérimentalement la capacité calorifique de P₄S₃ liquide, calculé celle de P₄S₃ gazeux et son entropie standard. Nous avons aussi estimé l'enthalpie standard de vaporisation de P₄S₃ à l'aide des mesures des tensions de vapeur saturante. Nous en avons déduit l'entropie standard de P₄S₃ liquide et son point d'ébullition.

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It is shown by Raman spectroscopy at high temperature and by vapor tensimetric measurements that the vaporisation of P₄S₃ is congruent, whereas P₄S₇ and P₄S₁₀ dissociate at the beginning of vaporisation. P₄S₇ gives P₄S₃ and sulfur reversibly. The dissociation of P₄S₁₀ into P₄S₇ and sulfur is irreversible. Above 600°, in non-saturated vapour the dissociation of P₄S₃ gives phosphorus, sulfur and some unidentified gaseous species. The heat capacity of liquid P₄S₃ has been measured. That of gaseous P₄S₃ and its standard entropy have been calculated. The vaporisation standard enthalpy of P₄S₃ has been estimated from the experimental results on the saturated vapour pressures. The standard entropy of liquid P₄S₃ and its boiling point have been derived from these data.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Raman-Spektrometrie bei erhöhter Temperatur und durch Messung der Dampfdrucke wurde festgestellt, daß sich P₄S₃ verflüchtigt, während P₄S₇ und P₄S₁₀ mit Beginn der Verflüchtigung dissoziieren. P₄S₇ ergibt reversibel P₄S₃ und Schwefel. Im Zustand ungesättigten Dampfes dissoziiert P₄S₃ oberhalb von 600° unter Bildung von Phosphor, Schwefel und anderer nicht identifizierter Substanzen.Die Wärmekapazität von flüssigem P₄S₃ wurde gemessen, während die vom gasförmigem P₄S₃ sowie seine Standard-Entropie berechnet wurden. Die Standard-Enthalpie der Verflüchtigung des P₄S₃ wurde durch Messungen der Sättigungs-Dampfdrucke ermittelt. Daraus wurden die Standard-Entropie des flüssigen P₄S₃ sowie sein Siedepunkt berechnet.

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- - , P₄S₃ , P₄S₇ P₄S₁₀ . P₄S₇ P₄S₃ , P₄S₁₀ P₄S₇ . 600° P₄S₃ , . P₄S₃, P₄S₃ . P₄S₃. P₄S₃ .

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Nous remercions Monsieur Letoffe du laboratoire du Professeur J. Bousquet, INSA de Lyon, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein 401, 69621 Villeurbanne, qui a r6alis6 pour nous les déterminations expérimentales des capacités calorifiques de P₄S₈ liquide.     

Metallacycloalkanes: I. Preparation and characterisation of α,α′-bipyridyl-5-nickela-3,3,7,7-tetramethyl-trans-tricyclo[4.1.0.02,4]heptane

Oxidative addition of 2 molecules of 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene (I) to α,α′-bipyridyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (III) gave the title compound (IV) in over 90% yield. Complex IV was characterized by mass, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (a 13.7081(2), b 14.638(2), c 9.5139(1) Å, β 110.82(1)°, C2/c, R = 0.05 for 1614 reflections).     

Characterization of dynamic and steady-state protein phosphorylation using a fluorescent phosphoprotein gel stain and mass spectrometry

Protein phosphorylation plays a vital role in the regulation of most aspects of cellular activity, being key to propagating messages within signal transduction pathways and to modulating protein function. Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain is suitable for the fluorescence detection of phosphoserine-, phosphothreonine-, and phosphotyrosine-containing proteins directly in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The technology is especially appropriate for profiling steady-state and dynamic phosphorylation on a proteome-wide scale, as demonstrated through detection of the native phosphorylation of cardiac mitochondrial phosphoproteins and changes in this profile arising from the activity of a protein kinase. For example, Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein gel stain was employed to demonstrate that among the 46 subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), a 42 kDa subunit is phosphorylated in the steady-state. However, exposure of mitochondria to cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases phosphorylation of this 42 kDa subunit and results in de novo phosphorylation of an 18 kDa subunit as well. Since Pro-Q Diamond dye binds to phosphorylated residues noncovalently, the staining technology is fully compatible with modern microchemical analysis procedures, such as peptide mass profiling by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and post-source decay analysis of peptide phosphorylation.     

The determination of sulphur in copper,nickel and aluminium alloys by proton activation analysis

The ³⁴S(p, n)^34mCl reaction induced by 13-MeV protons is used for the determination of sulphur in copper, nickel and aluminium alloys. The ^34mCl is separated by repeated precipitation as silver chloride. The results obtained were 3.08 ± 0.47, 1.47 ± 0.17 and <1μg g^-1 for copper, nickel and aluminium alloys, respectively.     

A new approach to binary tree-based heuristics

The goals and limitations of some clustering methods are briefly reviewed. In order to avoid the usual methods which are very demanding on computer time and space, a new scheme is proposed for updating (generation) of, and retrieval from, large data bases organized as binary trees. The method is based on calculation of three distances at any given vertex l on the level n, A(l,n) instead of two. The respective distances d₁(X,A_l), d₂(X,A_r), d₃(A_lA_r) are calculated between the input vector X and the left and right descendant of the vertex A(l,n), A_l and A_r, respectively. The advantage of the method compared to the standard clustering methods or formation of hierarchal trees is that the required memory or computational time is reduced from N² to approximately N log N (N is the number of clustering objects).     

Zum Mechanismus der Hydrogenolyse aromatisch gebundenen Halogens

The selective chlorination of a m/p-xylene mixture, followed by distillation of the unreacted p-xylene, leaves a residue containing up to 90% of monochlorinated m-xylenes. m-Xylene is recovered from the latter by heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenolysis in the gas-phase. It was found that the hydrogenolysis on certain noble metal catalysts proceeds according to an ionic reaction mechanism at temperatures below a definite temperature range. At temperatures above this range hydrogenolysis follows a radical reaction mechanism.     

lα-hydroxy previtamin D3, and its selective formation from 1-keto previtamin D3

An efficient method for the preparation of crystalline α-hydroxy previtamin D₃ is described. Also the stereoselective reduction of 1-keto previtamin $\text{9}$ is discussed; it was observed that with aluminum hydride $\text{7}$ is the most abundant product. This stands in contrast with previously reported LiAlH₄ and NaBH₄ mediated reductions.     

Globin chain separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Simple screening method for elongated hemoglobin chains

A simple method for the separation of hemoglobin chains from hemolysate or globin, by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is described. The alpha, beta, and gamma chains can be clearly separated from each other. The alpha chain has the highest mobility, the beta chain has a slower mobility than the gamma chain, while the delta chain has about the same mobility as the beta chain. Hemoglobins with elongated chains can easily be detected by this method. Tak-beta, elongated by 11 residues, moves much more slowly than betaA but is much faster than alpha Constant Spring which is elongated by 31 residues. Screening of several individuals with slow-moving hemoglobins using this method led to the finding of a case with Hb Tak-beta thalassemia and other carriers of Hb Tak.     

EPR-untersuchungen an carbonsäureestern—III: Thiooxalsäureester-radikalanionen

Polarographic and cyclovoltammetric investigation of the thiooxalates 1–6 shows that they are reversibly reduced to the corresponding radical anions. Accordingly, EPR spectra are obtained after in-situ electroreduction. Taking also the electronic spectra into consideration, conclusions about the spin density distribution can be drawn. It is shown thatp^π is higher at the oxygen atoms of oxoesters than at the sulfur atoms of the corresponding thiono esters.