Interaction of dextran sulfates with positively and negatively charged silver bromide hydrosols

Summary The effects of dextran sulfates of different molecular weights and charge densities on the stability of positively and negatively charged silver bromide solsin statu nascendi have been studied by means of light scattering.The plots of scattering intensities of a positively charged sol against the concentration of the added dextran sulfates show one pronounced maximum, the position which is independent on the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte used. The maximum shifts to lower polyion concentrations with dilution of the sol.The effect of polyanions on the stability of silver bromide sols of the same sign of charge were investigated as a function of molecular weight of the polymers, the sol concentration, the charge and the concentration of counterions, and the addition of methanol. Destabilization only occurred if sufficient amount of indifferent electrolyte was present in the system. However, the concentration of counterions necessary to produce a flocculation maximum was lower in the presence of the polyelectrolytes than in their absence. The results obtained were compared with the data on sols containing nonionic dextrans reported earlier.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Dextransulfate von verschiedenen Molekulargewichten und Ladungsdichten auf die Stabilität der positiv und negativ geladenen Silberbromid-Solein statu nascendi wurden durch Lichtstreuung untersucht. Wenn die Intensitäten der Lichtstreuung eines positiv geladenen Silberbromid-Sols gegen die Konzentration der zugesetzten DextranSulfate aufgetragen werden, tritt ein ausgeprägtes Maximum auf, dessen Lage von dem Molekulargewicht des angewandten Polyelektrolyten unabhängig ist. Bei Verdünnung des Sols wird das Maximum zur niedrigeren Konzentration des Polyanions verschoben.Der Einfluß der Polyanionen auf die Stabilität der Silberbromid-Sole mit gleichem Ladungsvorzeichen wurde in Abhängigkeit von dem Molekulargewicht des zugesetzten Dextransulfats, der Solkonzentration, der Ladung und Konzentration der Gegenionen und dem Zusatz von Methylalkohol untersucht. Destabilisierung wird nur in Anwesenheit einer genügenden Menge von Neutralelektrolyten in den untersuchten Systemen beobachtet. Die Konzentration der Gegenionen, die ein Flockungsmaximum verursachen, ist immer niedriger als die kritische Koagulationsmenge derselben Ionen für das gleiche Sol in Abwesenheit von Makroionen. Die Resultate wurden mit den Wechselwirkungen der Silberbromid-Sole mit nichtionogenen Dextranen verglichen, und der Mechanismus der Flockung durch Polyelektrolyte wurde diskutiert.

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5 figures and 1 table

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Supported by the NSF Grant GP 42331 X.

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A part of the Ph.D. Thesis by David Lindsay.     

Spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von L-Askorbinsäure mit 2,2',5,5'-Tetra-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,3'-(3,3'-dimethoxy-4, 4'-biphenyl)-ditetrazoliumchlorid (TNBT)

Zusammenfassung Die Optimalbedingungen für die spektrophotometrische Bestimmung der L-Askorbinsäure mit TNBT wurden ermittelt. Die L-As-korbinsäure wurde in Anwesenheit eines 100fachen Überschusses folgender Stoffe bestimmt: Glukose, Fruktose, Saccharose, Wein-, Zitronen-, Oxal-, Äpfel- und Bernsteinsäure. 0,5g/ml ist die minimale Askorbinsäurekonzentration, die sich bestimmen läßt. Die rel. Standardabweichung beträgt 2,1%, der rel. Fehler 0,875%.

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Spectrophotometric assay of L. ascorbic acid with 2,2,5,5-tetra-(4-nitro-phenyl)-3, 3-(3,3-dimethoxy-4,4-biphenyl)-ditetrazolium chloride (TNBT)

Summary The optimal conditions for spectrophotometric assay of L-ascorbic acid with TNBT were determined. L-ascorbic acid was assayed in the presence of a 100 fold excess of the following substances: glucose, fructose, sucrose, tartaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid and succinic acid. 0.5g/ml is the minimum concentration of ascorbic acid which can be assayed. The relative standard deviation is 2.1%, the relative error 0.875%.

     

Anwendung mikroanalytischer Methoden zur Lösung kunst- und kulturgeschichtlicher Probleme

Zusammenfassung Mit bekannten mikroanalytischen Arbeitsmethoden — Oberflächenreaktionen, Abstrichuntersuchungen mit dem Korundstäbchen, Schutzschichtreaktionen sowie dem Abdruckverfahren — lassen sich archaeometrische Probleme einer Lösung näherbringen. Die Art der Korrosion kupferhaltiger Oberflächen wurde diskutiert.

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Application of microanalytical methods to the solution of artistic- and cultural historical problems

Summary Archeometrical problems are brought closer to a solution by means of known microanalytical procedures-surface reactions, surface scraping studies with the corundum rod, protective layer reactions as well as the imprint method. A discussion of the corrosion of copper-bearing surfaces is included.

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Vortrag anläßlich der Tagung Chemische Analysen — Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften im Reiß-Museum in Mannheim, 19.–21. September 1974.     

The surface activity of the lower homologues of n-alkylammonium chlorides in aqueous solutions. Effect of hydrophobic hydration

Summary The surface tensions of aqueous solutions ofn-alkylammonium chlorides (methyl to hexyl) have been measured at 25 °C. With methylammonium chloride the surface tension increased with concentration, whereas with ethylammonium chloride and higher homologues, the surface tension decreased with concentration. The results suggest that this transition is attributed to the effect of hydrophobic hydration. For propylammonium chloride and higher homologues, the relation between the surface tension lowering da and the concentrationC in the range of 0–10 dyne/cm, can be expressed by the equation; = AC + BC, whereA andB are constants. The surface tension coefficientB has been found to increase approximately twofold for each additional CH₂ group of alkyl chain.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Oberflächenspannungen wäßriger Lösungen vonn-Alkylammoniumchloriden (Methyl- bis Hexylammoniumchloride) bei 25 °C gemessen. Für Methylammoniumchlorid nimmt die Oberflächenspannung mit der Konzentration zu, aber bei allen höheren Homologen mit der Konzentration ab. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß dieser Übergang durch die hydrophobe Hydration bedingt wird. Für Propylammonium-chlorid und die höheren Homologen wird die Beziehung zwischen der Erniedrigung der Oberflächenspannung und der KonzentrationC in dem Bereich von 1 bis 10 dyn/cm durch die folgende Gleichung ausgedrückt: = AC + BC (A undB sind Konstanten). Es wurde gefunden, daß B für jede zusätzliche CH₂-Gruppe etwa um den Faktor 2 größer wird.

     

Darstellung und Reaktionen des 3-Ethinyl-2,4-diformyl-pentandials

Preparation and physical and chemical properties of 3-ethinyl-2,4-diformyl-pentandial (3 a) and its salts are described.3 a contains 2 malonaldehyde groups. Starting from3 a, 4H-pyranes, 4H-dihydropyridines, dipyrazoles, diisoxazoles, bisdiazepines and vinamidine derivates are obtained.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

Zur Umsetzung des 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-thiazin-2-thions mit sekundären Aminen

Tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-trimethyl-1,3-thiazine-2-thione (1) reacts with secondary amines via the dialkylammonium-3-oxoalkyldithiocarbamate3, either via isothiocyanates6 to 4-dialkylaminodihydro-2(1H)-pyridinethiones7 or to dialkylammonium dithiocarbamates (13), depending on the amine used and the reaction conditions. Subsequently, 6-dialkylaminotetrahydro-1,3-thiazine-2-thiones11 or tetrahydro-6-mercapto-1,3-thiazine-2-thione10 are formed. On being heated to reflux,11 reacts to pyridinethione7 and 4-dialkylaminodihydrothiopyranthione19. With secondary amines only13 is formed from tetrahydro-6-hydroxytetramethyl-1,3-thiazine-2-thione20. The reaction of dihydrotrimethyl-1,3-thiazine-2-thione21 with secondary amines leads to N,N-dialkylthioureas16 or dialkylammonium thiocyanates17 and with dialkylformamides 4-dialkylaminodihydropyridinethiones7 are formed. Dihydrotetramethyl-1,3-thiazine-2-thione24 reacts neither with secondary amines nor with dialkylformamides.     

Koordinationschemie von Dinitroresorcin mit Kupfer-, Kobalt-, Nickel-, Eisen- und Zinksalzen

The reactions of the bidentate dinitrosoresorcinol (DNR) with copper, cobalt, nickel, iron and zinc salts were investigated. This ligand was found to react with these metal salts in aqueous media where hydrogen ion was confirmed to be liberated except in case of iron. The solid complexes were prepared in alcoholic media. Chemical analyses, magnetic and spectral data were compatible to determine the structure of these complexes and their mode of chelation.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 19. Mitt.: Die elektrochemische Oxidation von Pyrromethenonen und Pyrromethenen (Gallenpigment-Partialstrukturen)

The electrochemical oxidation of arylmethylene-pyrrolinones, pyrromethenones and pyrromethenes as representative bile pigment partial structure models was investigated by means of a rotating disc platinum electrode using acetonitrile as the solvent. Two different oxidation reactions were found. The first reaction being a reversible one-electron oxidation with compounds of the arylmethylene-pyrrolinone series and pyrromethenones which are unsubstituted in position 5 of the pyrrole ring. A two step reaction (the first one reversible, the second irreversible) on the other hand was found to be typical for pyrromethenones bearing a methyl group in this position.Through protonation the first step is at a higher potential, whereas the second one is lowered and becomes reversible. The resulting oxidation pattern can be interpreted analogous to the oxidation of hydroquinones in aprotic solvents.The geometrical isomers of a pyrromethenone were oxidized at appr. the same potential, but there is a strong dependence of the potential of the first oxidation step on the substitution: a higher degree of alkylation favours oxidation by lowering the oxidation potential.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

N-Monobromamide: Darstellung durch Bromierung mit „Dibromisocyanursäure”, Eigenschaften

By reaction of primary carboxamides with “dibromoisocyanuric acid” (DBI) N-monobromoamides can be readily obtained as well as the N,N-dibromoamides described in an earlier paper¹. Reactions, some of them new, and properties of these compounds are described and compared with those of the N,N-dibromoamides. Like other compounds bearing the NHBr group^{2, 3} the N-monobromocarboxamides disproportionate at room temperature according to: 2 RCONHBr ? ? RCONH₂+RCONBr₂. For CH₃CONHBr the equilibrium constant was found to beK=0.02. In aqueous solution they behave as weak acids. The dissociation constants of eight compounds [R=?CH₃, ?C₂H₅, ?CH₂Cl, ?CHCl₂, ?CCl₃, ?CF₃, ?C(CH₃)₃ and ?C₆H₅] were measured: they differ from those of the corresponding carboxylic acids by about three powers of ten.     

Zum Mechanismus der Hydrogenolyse aromatisch gebundenen Halogens

The selective chlorination of a m/p-xylene mixture, followed by distillation of the unreacted p-xylene, leaves a residue containing up to 90% of monochlorinated m-xylenes. m-Xylene is recovered from the latter by heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenolysis in the gas-phase. It was found that the hydrogenolysis on certain noble metal catalysts proceeds according to an ionic reaction mechanism at temperatures below a definite temperature range. At temperatures above this range hydrogenolysis follows a radical reaction mechanism.