Numerical investigations of supercavitation around blunt bodies of submarine shape

Cavitation occurs when liquid is subjected to rapid changes of pressure. If the local pressure is lower than the liquid saturation pressure, the liquid changes its phase into vapor. A fast moving solid body underwater will reduce the local pressure around the body. Under certain conditions, the local pressure can be lower than the water saturation pressure, accordingly causing cavitation. If the velocity of the moving body increases further, a supercavitation will occur. In this paper, the cavitation and supercavitation were studied by the SST k–ω turbulence model combined with a finite-rate mass transfer modeling under the mixture assumption. The validations of these models were performed through comparisons between numerical simulations and experiments. After the validations, the supercavitation generated by a high speed moving body, which can be described as a large bubble, was studied. The studies were on several blunt bodies, such as a submarine hull shape, a submarine hull shape with appendages and a full submarine shape with sail and appendages. It was found that the naked submarine hull is difficult to have the supercavitation covering the whole body. The sail and appendages can help supercavitation occurs earlier. Furthermore the effects of the supercavitation on the submarine and generation mechanism of the supercavitation is discussed based on the simulations.     

番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物近红外光谱同时在线检测

可溶性固形物和碰伤是影响番茄品质的两个主要因素。研究的目的是探索可见近红外漫透射光谱同时在线检测番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物的可行性。在单通道送果速度5个每秒条件下,采集番茄近红外漫透射光谱。对比分析碰伤与正常番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱特性,结果表明,碰伤与正常番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱在光强上存在明显差异,碰伤果光强要强于正常果,其原因可能是碰伤后果肉变软,透光性变强;在650和675 nm处碰伤果比正常果要多两个吸收峰,可能是碰伤后,番茄表皮颜色发生变化所致。选取贡献率占比最多的前三个主成数,对正常果与碰伤果近红外漫透射光谱主成分定性分析,正常果与碰伤果不能有效聚类,故近红外漫透射光谱主成分定性分析效果不明显,需选择建立高维近红外漫透射光谱定性判别模型。故建立了碰伤番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型,误判率为0%,能正确判别碰伤果,故选用碰伤番茄样品的近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型作为番茄碰伤果在线剔除分选模型。通过对未参与建模的样品进行验证,能正确识别出碰伤果。经近红外漫透射光谱偏最小二乘定性判别模型剔除碰伤果后,按照可溶性固形物指标进行分级。分别使用全部波段和606～850 nm的波段进行建模预处理,且对全部波段和606～850 nm波段光谱进行2阶导数预处理,前后平滑设为9,利用连续投影算法与遗传算法优选可溶性固形物的光谱建模变量,对比发现,利用未经算法筛选过的606～850 nm波段光谱变量进行建模,效果最好,建立了可溶性固形物在线检测模型,预测集均方根误差为0.43 Brix°。采用未参与建模的样品进行碰伤和可溶性固形物同时在线检测验证,碰伤样品的分选准确率达96%,可溶性固形物样品的分选准确率达91%。表明：番茄碰伤和可溶性固形物近红外漫透射光谱同时在线检测是可行的。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯系材料中α-弛豫的降温介电谱测量与分析

对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯 (dioctyl phthalate)系列材料中, α-弛豫的降温介电谱进行了测量, 得出了相应材料α-弛豫的平均弛豫时间τ_α^a 随温度T的变化关系. 通过τ_α^a 的实验结果与经验的Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann)定律τ_α^a = τ_α⁰ exp (A/(T-T₀))的拟合, 获得了上述系列材料的τ_α⁰, A和T₀. 分析发现, 随邻苯二甲酸二甲酯系列分子侧链中碳原子数目n的变化, 材料的τ_α⁰, A, T₀ 和T_g 表现出一定的规律性, 具体为随n的增加, 即分子内部自由度的增多, A和T_g 都表现出近乎相同的先减后再增的趋势, 而1/τ_α⁰ 和T₀ 则表现出基本相同的先快速减小, 然后保持基本上不变的趋势. 关键词： 玻璃化转变 介电谱 α-弛豫')" href="#">α-弛豫 邻苯二甲酸二甲酯系列材料     

关于部分偏振光能量传递和偏振态的光线椭圆分析方法

部分偏振光传播时的光强和偏振态变化情况比较复杂, 尤其是当大数值孔径成像时, 光束的偏振态还会影响成像质量. 本文提出一种用于分析部分偏振光能量传递和偏振态的光线椭圆方法, 采用光线椭圆叠加的办法来分析光束在各向同性的均匀介质中传输时能量和偏振态的变化情况, 同时直观性好, 计算量小. 论文最后, 对大数值孔径、 高像质的齐明透镜系统讨论了入射无偏振光的能量、 偏振态变化, 以及偏振效应问题. 结果表明, 大数值孔径使成像光束中TM偏振光强度相对增加, 影响成像对比度; 提高像方介质的折射率, 会改善此种偏振效应问题.     

Point defect states of a hollow cylinder in two-dimensional phononic crystal

Point defect states in two-dimensional phononic crystal of a hollow mercury cylinder in a water host are studied.An improved plane expansion method combined with the supercell technique is used to calculate the band gaps and the pressure distribution at the defect position.The sonic pressure of defect modes shows that the waves are localized at or near the defect.As the filing fraction increases,more defect modes appear in the band gaps.     

门控型像增强器开门时间测量

提出了采用超快激光脉冲与光纤阵列形成的光延时、跟CCD相机相结合的方法,对门控型像增强器进行了开门时间的测量,分析了该测量方法的可行性,建立了门控型像增强器开门时间的测量系统。用该测量方法对超高速光电分幅相机中的门控型像增强器开门时间进行了测量,得到了10,20,30,50 ns档开门时间的实验图片,与所加的快高压脉冲时间12.50,18.50,28.75,48.60 ns相比较,开门时间的测量精度得到了提高,该测量方法可用于超高速光电分幅相机曝光时间的标定。     

Efficient Synthesis of Spirooxindole Pyrrolones by a Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Activation/Carbene Insertion/Lossen Rearrangement Sequence

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed domino annulation of simple olefins with diazo oxindoles to give spirooxindole pyrrolone products is described. This reaction can be formally viewed as the result of an anomalous tandem C?H activation, carbene insertion, Lossen rearrangement, and a nucleophilic addition process. The potential utility of this reaction was further demonstrated by the late‐stage diversification of drug molecules.     

羊栖菜多糖的提取和分离

羊栖菜多糖是从马尾藻科植物羊栖菜（Sargassum fusiforme(Harv.)Setchel)中提取到的，具有抗肿瘤，抗凝血，降血糖，提高机体免疫功能等生理活性，本文研究用水提法提取羊栖菜多糖，考虑到提取温度，时间，加水量等因素的影响，优化提取条件，确定水提法的最佳温度80℃，提取时间3h，水加量为羊栖菜样品的3倍，并采用乙醇沉淀，透析及凝胶层析等方法对羊栖菜提取物中多糖进行沉淀，提取和分离获得4个组分，并用光谱扫描法，凝胶色谱和旋光度法鉴定其纯度，进一步研究其分离获得的组分对生物体免疫功能指标的影响。     

Hypericin-Induced Phototoxicity in Cultured Fibroblasts and Swine Erythrocytes

Hypericin is a naturally occurring photosensitizer, whose presence in plants has been responsible for cutaneous phototoxicity in grazing animals. The photosensitizing properties of this agent have recently been exploited in models for anti-tumor and anti-viral activity. The cytotoxicity of hypericin and light was assessed in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)] assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay. Membrane damage was assessed in swine erythrocytes using hemolysis, potassium (K⁺) leakage and formation of lipid hydroperoxides. Concentration- and light-dependent decreases in fibroblast viability were seen starting at hypericin concentrations of 1.25 μM and light power flux levels of 24 J/cm² using a visible light source and at 0.417 μM hypericin and a similar light dose using a solar simulator, No LDH leakage was observed at hypericin concentrations up to 30 μM and visible light up to 144 J/cm². Light-and/or concentration-dependent increases in hemolysis, K⁺ leakage and formation of lipid hydroperoxides in red blood cell (RBC) membranes were observed, but at concentrations and light doses much greater than those required to induce cytotoxicity in fibroblasts. Lipid peroxidation and hemolysis occurred at 15 μM hypericin and 24 J/cm² (visible light source). Potassium ion leakage occurred at concentrations and light levels as low as 5 μM and 12 J/cm² or 15 μM and 4.8 J/cm² (visible light source) but was still a less sensitive indicator than fibroblast cytotoxicity. Evidence for both type I and type II reactions was shown in RBC membranes by TLC analysis of cholesterol products. In the absence of light, hypericin appears to be relatively nontoxic in the models tested.     

Cooperative Effect of Noncovalent Interactions on Tetrel Bonding in Halogenated Silanes

Tetrel bond, a weak noncovalent interaction between the σ-hole of a Group IV element (silicon in our case) and the cloud of an electronegative element (oxygen in our case) is the focus of this work. The percentage strengthening of tetrel bond has been investigated by optimizing 16 binary complexes of halogenated silane and water of general formula SiX_nH_4−n−H₂O and 16 ternary complexes, of general formula NaX−SiX_nH_4−n−H₂O, where X=F, Cl, Br and I and n=1, 2, 3 and 4 at various levels of theory defined within the formalism of density functional theory (DFT). With the addition of NaX, tetrel bond between Si and O in SiX_nH_4−n−H₂O gets strengthened up to 49 %, owing to cooperativity effect exerted by hydrogen bonding between X and H in the ternary complex NaX−SiX_nH_4−n−H₂O. In the series of complexes studied here, overall stabilization due to cooperativity lies between 10 kJ/mol to 170 kJ/mol. This large extent of reinforcement due to cooperativity has never been showcased before. The exceptional stabilization and reinforcement owe its genesis to the transformation of the ternary complex into a cluster orchestrated by the H-bonding in most of the cases and covalent bonding in few of the cases.