Swelling effect onα-relaxation in high density polyethylene

Summary Swelling effects of carbon tetrachloride on the mechanical relaxations in the crystal mat and the melt-crystallized samples of high density polyethylene were studied using a torsion pendulum. A very strong-relaxation peak appears by swelling at the low temperature side of the original-relaxation for the crystal mat. It was shown that this strong-relaxation originates from the slippage between the highly swollen lamellae. For the melt-crystallized sample, the-relaxation peak is decreased by swelling, but its temperature is unchanged. This behavior suggests that the-relaxation in the melt-crystallized sample originates mainly from deformation process of intermosaic block region. The swelling effect on-relaxation was also discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Quellungseffekte von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff auf das mechanische Relaxationsverhalten in Einkristall-Matten und schmelzkristallisierten Proben von linearem Polyäthylen wurden mit den Torsionspendeln untersucht. Ein sehr starkes-Maximum tritt durch die Quellung bei tieferen Temperaturen als der der-Relaxation in den nicht gequollenen Einkristall-Matten auf. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese starke-Relaxation auf das Gleiten der ausreichend gequollenen Lamellen zurückzuführen ist. Bei schmelzkristallisierten Proben wird das-Maximum durch die Quellung erniedrigt, seine Temperaturlage wird jedoch nicht verändert. Dies zeigt, daß die-Relaxation in der schmelzkristallisierten Probe hauptsäcblich auf Deformations-Prozessen in den Blöcken beruht. Auch die Quellungseffekte auf die-Relaxationen wurden diskutiert.

     

Orbital correlation effects: The independent pair-potential approximation with application to the ground state and first ionized state of boron hydride

A new method is proposed for calculating correlation effects in atomic and molecular systems. The basis of the method is the formulation of a set of partial configuration expansions which yield directly variational orbital correlation corrections which are appropriately summed in order to obtain an estimate of the total correlation energy. This method is applied to the ground state of boron hydride and its cation at the equilibrium distance of BH. The results of the method are compared in detail with independent electron pair results and second order CI results. It is further shown that multiple substitutions are approximately accounted for in this method and the extent to which they are included is compared with other approximations. Finally, three methods of increasing accuracy, aimed at reducing the necessary computational effort, are given for determining the vertical ionization potential. The most economical method yields an IP of 9.70 eV or 0.03 eV less than the experimental IP. Completion of the basis is estimated to improve this value to 9.77 eV.     

Formation and Crystal Structure of [(F5TeOXe)+·SO2ClF][Sb(OTeF5)6-]

Xe(OTeF₅)₂ reacts with Sb(OTeF₅)₃ under the formation of [Xe₂(OTeF₅)₃]⁺[Sb(OTeF₅)₆]^-. From SO₂ClF solution a yellow solvate [F₅TeOXe]⁺·SO₂ClF· [Sb(OTeF₅)₆]^- is formed with the crystal data: a = 1028.1(1), b = 1040.9(1), c = 1780.2(3) pm, α = 98.07(1), β = 97.68(1), γ = 105.82(1)°, space group . The O-Xe···O fragment is essentially linear (176.1(2)°), and the two Xe-O distances are quite different 197.1(4) and 242.6(4) pm.     

Properties of Ce–Zr–La–O nano-system with ruthenium modified surface

Structural peculiarities of Ce–Zr–La–O and Ce–Zr–La–O/Ru samples in mean of catalytic properties are compared. The samples (Ce:Zr = 1:1, La = 10÷30 mol.%, Ru = 1.5 wt.%) were obtained by sol–gel method (X-samples) and co-precipitation (P-samples). It is shown that Ce_0.45Zr_0.45La_0.1O_2−δ/Ru X-samples are characterized by high thermal stability and the highest catalytic activity in partial methane oxidation reaction. According to XRD, BET, FTIR, EPR and XPS data it is concluded that the difference in the samples catalytic activity is caused by various disposition of Ru-containing phase on the support surface. The distinction in the dimension of Ru-containing particles (3D or 2D) is conditioned by structural peculiarities of Ce_0.45Zr_0.45La_0.1O_2−δ and Ce_0.35Zr_0.35La_0.3O_2−δ P- and X-samples.     

An indirect flame emission spectrometry method for the determination of traces of sulphur. I

Summary An accurate and simple indirect method of flame emission spectrometric determination of small quantities of elemental sulphur is described. The method is based on the reduction of elemental sulphur by means of sodium borohydride and oxidation of the resulting boron-sulphur compounds to sulphate by means of hydrogen peroxide. The determinations can be carried out in the presence of methanol, acetone, dimethylformamide, toluene and benzene. The detection limit of the reported method is 1 ppm of sulphur.

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Indirekte etnissionsspektroskopische Bestimmungsmethode für Spuren elementaren Schwefels. I.

Zusammenfassung Eine genaue und einfache, indirekte, emissionsspektroskopische Methode zur Bestimmung geringer Mengen elementaren Schwefels wurde ausgearbeitet. Sie besteht in der Reduktion des elementaren Schwefels mit Hilfe von Natriumborhydrid und in der Oxydation der entstehenden Bor-Schwefel-Verbindung zu Sulfat mit Hilfe von Wasserstoffperoxid. Die Analyse wurde in Methanol, Aceton, Dimethylformamid, Toluol und Benzol durchgeführt. Die Erfassungsgrenze beträgt 1 ppm Schwefel.

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Presented at the 8th International Microchemical Symposium, Graz, August 25–30, 1980.     

The effect of the mechanical properties of the molecular network on the wool-water isotherm

Summary The present position of theoretical investigation of the water-content versus relative humidity isotherm is briefly indicated. Previous workers have anticipated an effect on equilibrium water-content arising from the mechanical properties of the keratin network. Such an effect is reported for supercontracted wool fibres and for reduced and S-methylated fibres, for which an increased saturation water-content is observed. In the case of S-methyl wool, saturation water-content shows little or no dependence on the number of disulphide cross-links, however it does depend on the number of S-methyl groups present. The results are considered in terms ofFlory-Huggins solution theory, and it is indicated that this theory can be usefully applied for relative humidities in excess of 85%. In normal wool solution absorption is permitted only in the noncrystalline component, but in supercontracted wool or S-methyl wool takes place in both components. Even when saturation water-content is greatly increased the isotherm is not appreciably changed below 85% R. H., indicating that no additional sites for strong binding of water become available; apparently all such sites are accessible in normal wool at approximately 85% relative humidity.

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Zusammenfassung Der gegenwärtige Stand theoretischer Untersuchungen für den isothermen Wassergehalt gegen relative Feuchtigkeit ist kurz kritisch dargelegt. Die bisherigen Bearbeiter haben einen Einfluß auf das Gleichgewicht des Wassergehaltes seitens der mechanischen Eigenschaften des Keratinnetzwerkes angenommen. Ein solcher Effekt wird für superkontrahierte Wollfasern und für solche, reduziert und mit Schwefelmethyl behandelt, mitgeteilt, für die eine erhöhte Wassersättigung zu beobachten ist. Im Fall der schwefelmethylierten Wolle zeigt die Sättigung geringe oder keine Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der Disulfidvernetzungen, sie hängt jedoch von der Zahl der Schwefel-Methylgruppen ab. Diese Resultate werden mit derFlory-Huggins-Lösungstheorie betrachtet, und es zeigt sich, daß diese Theorie gut für relative Feuchtigkeiten größer als 85% angewendet werden kann. In normaler Wolle ist Lösungsabsorption nur in den nichtkristallinen Anteilen möglich, aber in superkontrahierter oder schwefelmethylierter Wolle findet sie auch in den Kristalliten statt. Auch wenn der Sättigungswert der Isotherme gegen Ende stark beeinflußt wird, ändert sich der Verlauf der Isotherme unterhalb 85% r. F. nicht. Das zeigt, daß kerne zusätzlichen Plätze für starke Wasserbindungen entstehen. Offensichtlich sind alle diese Plätze in normaler Wolle bei etwa 85% r. F. zugänglich.

     

Charge influence in semi-empirical calculations of heteroatomic ionic and neutral molecules

Iterative extended Hükel calculations for all valence electrons and iterative PPP calculations in the variable electronegativity formalism for -electrons were performed on benzene, pyridine, fluorobenzene, and the pyrylium ion. The charge distributions for all compounds were found more uniform and plausible with the iteration procedures than without. Polarization effects from the-electrons were found to be of importance for the -electrons. The lone-pair picture of the highest occupied MO in pyridine is preserved in the iterative extended Hückel method, and two lone-pairs were obtained on the fluorine atom of fluorobenzene. The results indicate that this atom is not hybridized.

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Zusammenfassung Benzol, Pyridin, Fluorbenzol und Pyriliumion wurden mit einer iterativen EH-Methode und einer iterativen PPP-VE-Methode berechnet. Es zeigte sich, daß Ladungsverteilungen bei Benutzung des Iterationsverfahrens besser beschrieben werden. Polarisationseffekte der-Elektronen auf die -Elektronen stellen sich als wichtig heraus. Auch in der IEH-Methode bleibt das oberste besetzte MO des Pyridins ein einsames Elektronenpaar. Am Fluoratom im Fluorbenzol werden zwei einsame-Elektronenpaare erhalten. Die Resultate führen zu der Annahme, daß dieses Atom nicht hybridisiert ist.

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Resumé Des calculs par les méthodes itératives de Hückel étendu pour tous les électrons de valence et de PPP avec électronégativité variable pour les électrons ont été effectués pour le benzène, la pyridine, le fluorobenzène et l'ion pyrylium. Les distributions de charge pour tons ces composés sont plus uniformes et plus plausibles avec les procédés itératis que sans. Les électrons ont un effet de polarisation important sur les électrons . La plus haute orbitale occupée dans la pyridine reste identifiable comme la paire libre dans la méthode de Hückel étendue, et l'on obtient deux paires libres sur l'atome de fluor du fluorobenzène. Cet atome n'est pas hybride.

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Sponsored in part by King Gustaf VI Adolfs 70-Years Fund for Swedish Culture, Knut and Alice Wallenberg's Foundation, and in part by the Swedish National Research Council.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Alkylverbindungen von Übergangsmetallen. XLIV. Tetrakis(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)titan-Verbindungen

Contributions to the Chemistry of Transition Metal Alkyl Compounds. XLIII. Tetrakis(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)titanium Compounds Organotitanium(IV) compounds of the type (ROCOCH₂)₄Ti (R ? C₂H₅, i-C₃H₇, t-C₄H₉, C₆H₅, C₆H₅CH₂) were obtained by reactions of ROCOCH₂Li derivatives with TiCl₄ at low temperature. The compounds which decompose only above 90°C were characterized by the hydrolysis products, anaerobic reactions with iodine, and the i.r. spectra. The bond conditions are discussed.     

On the determination of polarity parameters of silica by means of solvatochromic probe dyes

Empirical solvent parameters of silica surfaces are determined by means of solvatochromic dyes, e.g., Cu(tmen) (acac)⁺ ClO ₄ ^– /B(C₆H₅) ₄ ^– , Fe(phen)₂(CN)₂, and Michlers Ketone dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane or cyclohexane. The values obtained by UV/VIS-measurements are compared with both the polarity scales of Kamlet and Taft and with Gutmann's donor and acceptor numbers. Kamlet and Taft's -parameter (the hydrogen-bond donation capacity of a solvent) is determined independently by means of salicylideneaniline. The ^* of silica is determined using 5-N,N-dimethylamino-5-nitro-2,2-bithiophene and the complex of tetracyanoethylene with Michlers Ketone, respectively. Further on the reliabilities of the obtained Kamlet-Taft parameters , , and ^* are checked by comparism with experimental and calculated values of theE _T(30)-parameter of silica by means of multi-parameter regression analysis. The surface properties of silica are influenced mainly by HBD-properties (75%) and dipolarity/polarizability ^* (20%), but hardly by the HBA-properties (<5%). UV/VIS-measurements were carried out in a special equipment with glass fiber optics, A drawing of the apparatus is given.     

Formation of the surface charge on silica in mixed solvents

At sufficiently high concentrations of methanol and of alkali salts in aqueous silica dispersions, the negative -potentials of the particles are decreased. This effect is more pronounced with lithium than with other alkali cations, and it is independent on the anion. The NMR spectra indicate lithium adsorption on silica from mixed solvents, but not in the absence of alcohol.Supported by a contract with the XMX Corporation, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA