An unusual transformation of perfluorinated 1- and 3-phenylpropenes to polyfluorochloroindanes by the action of AlCl3

The reaction of perfluorinated 1- and 3-phenylpropenes with AlCl₃ gives polyfluorochloroindanes as the result of an intramolecular cyclization, apparently, by an electrophilic pathway.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2854–2857, December, 1989.     

Orthogonal decompositions of a space of symmetric tensors on an almost-Kählerian manifold

Kemerovo. Translated from Sibirskii Matematicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 131–139, May–June, 1989.     

Structure and molecular motion of poly(ethylene oxide) chains adsorbed on a silica-tethered poly(methyl methacrylate) by the spin label method

The spin-label method was used to study the structure and molecular motion of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chains adsorbed on a silica-tethered poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Spin-labelled PEO with a narrow molecular weight distribution, having number averaged molecular weight (M _N)=6.0×10³, was adsorbed on the surface of the silica-tethered PMMA with various grafting ratios in carbon tetrachloride solution at 35?°C. ESR spectra were measured at various temperatures after the samples were completely dried. The ESR spectra are composed of two spectra arising from spin-labels attached to “train” and “tail” segments, which are strongly and weakly interacted with the silica surface, respectively. The fractional amount of the “tail” segments increases extremely with the grafting ratio of PMMA. Molecular mobility of the PEO chains estimated from the temperature dependence of the ESR spectra also decreases significantly with the grafting ratio of PMMA. Structure and molecular motion of the PMMA chains tethered on the silica were also studied using the spin-labelled PMMA. Consequently, parts of the PEO segments penetrate into the PMMA chains and is adsorbed on the silica surface (“train” segments), whereas parts of the PMMA segments protrude from the surface. The other PEO segments are entangled with the tethered PMMA chains (“tail” segments).     

QCD corrections to the forward-backward asymmetries of c and b quarks at the Z pole

Measurements of the forward-backward production asymmetry of heavy quarks in Z decays provide a precise determination of . The asymmetries are sensitive to QCD effects, in particular hard gluon radiation. In this paper QCD corrections for and are discussed. The interplay between the experimental techniques used to measure the asymmetries and the QCD effects is investigated using simulated events. A procedure to estimate the correction needed for experimental measurements is proposed, and some specific examples are given. Received: 26 February 1998 / Published online: 2 June 1998     

Flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of residual free chlorine and chloramine

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine has been suggested as a new reagent for the flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of residual chlorine based on its oxidation to 2,4-dinitrophenyldiazonium ion. The measurement of the decrease in colour intensity under reversed flow-injection (reagent injection) conditions has been used for the determination of 0.1–10 mg/l Cl present as free or combined chlorine, and for its speciation. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg/l Cl. Copper (II), iron (III) and many other ions have been found not to vitiate the results.     

CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN UTILIZING A COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCE

Noncooperative games are used to demonstrate that, while free riding is always an option, the “tragedy of the commons” is not inevitable. When the decision to cooperate or free ride is considered in a dynamic setting, there is no intermediate case where some cooperate and others free ride. The game is only stabilized in either full cooperation or full defection. The important factor in obtaining a cooperative outcome is the critical number of players that decide to cooperate. The concept of commitment is used to demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions for full cooperation. Although the analysis is based on a shared water resource, it can be extended to other natural resources with common costs and private benefits, especially in the cases where there are no international authorities or treaties that internalize the externalities involved in privatizing the resource.     

Superconductivity and normal state resistivity of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3: an optical phonon approach

We discuss the nature of the pairing mechanism and the physical properties associated with the normal as well as the superconducting state of cubic perovskites Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃using the strong coupling theory. An interaction potential which includes the Coulomb, electron–optical phonon and electron–plasmon interactions is developed to elucidate the superconducting state. A model dielectric function is constructed with these interactions fulfilling thef-sum rule. The screening parameter (μ^* = 0.26) infers the poor screening of charge carriers. The electron–optical phonon strength (λ) estimated as 0.98 is consistent with an attractive electron–electron interaction and supports the moderate to strong coupling theory. The superconducting transition temperature of Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃is then estimated as 32 K. Ziman's formula of resistivity is employed to analyse and compare this with the temperature-dependent resistivity of a single crystal. The estimated contribution from the electron–optical phonon together with the residual resistivity clearly infers a difference when a comparison is made with experimental data. The subtracted data infer a quadratic temperature dependence in the temperature domain (30 ≤ T ≤ 200 K). The quadratic temperature dependence of ρ [ = ρ_exp − (ρ₀ + ρ_e–ph)] is understood in terms of 3D electron–electron inelastic scattering. The presence of these el–el and el–ph interactions allows a coherent interpretation of the physical properties. Analysis reveals that a moderate to strong coupling exists in the Ba_0.6K_0.4BiO₃system and the coupling of electrons with the high-energy optical phonons of the oxygen breathing mode will be a reason for superconductivity. The implications of the above analysis are discussed.