Supercapacitive admittance tomoscopy

A sensor for measuring adsorption on a substrate has been designed including a contactless detection scheme, called supercapacitive admittance tomoscopy (SCAT). The sensor comprises a thin dielectric layer with two parallel band electrodes on the one side and a chemically modified surface on the other onto which the adsorption of molecules occurs. Upon application of a high frequency ac voltage between the two electrodes, a capacitive coupling is established across the dielectric layer, and the admittance measured depends on the surface state of the chemically modified interface. On the basis of this principle, a flow sensor has been developed to measure sensorgrams to follow the dynamics of the adsorption and has been tested for the adsorption of IgG on the modified surface.     

A thieno-2H-chromene alpha-amino acid derivative: synthesis and photochromic properties

[structure: see text] A new photochromic thieno-2H-chromene alpha-amino acid derivative was prepared by C-N palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of a bromothieno-2H-chromene with the aminated aromatic side chain of the methyl ester of a N,N-diprotected amino acid. Its good photochromic properties demonstrated by flash photolysis and continuous irradiation indicate a possible application in ophthalmic lenses. It may also be inserted into peptides to give photoinduced reversible structural changes.     

Non relativistic continuum wave functions for two coulomb centres

We give the continuum wave function solutions to the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving field of two point nuclei, as an expansion in terms of one centre Coulomb wave functions in a prolate elliptical coordinate system. These solutions may be chosen to have a convenient asymptotic behaviour, and tend to the conventional solutions of the Helmholtz equation in the limit that the nuclear charge goes to zero. In symmetric systems, where both nuclei have the same charge the angular wave functions are found to be identical with those occurring in the free case, and the expansion coefficients for the corresponding radial solutions are given for selected values of electron energy and nuclear separation.[/p]     

X-ray diffraction and morphology of crystalline,hard, elastic materials

Summary X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic results on several crystalline polymers which demonstrate elastic properties (polypropylene, Celcon^®, poly-4-methyl-pentene) are reported. Photographic small angle X-ray diffraction techniques provided considerable qualitative information, concerning the morphological features of these elastic materials both as extruded, annealed and during extension. Lamellar thickness, thickness distribution and perfection of lamellae could be estimated. Lateral order features and orientation of the lamellar structures were obtainable from the sharpness and length of the equatorial wide angle diffraction arcs. Electron microscopic results essentially confirm the morphological features postulated on the basis of the X-ray results. These morphological features are discussed in terms of a general structural model which appears consistent with the mechanical properties of these materials.

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Zusammenfassung Röntgenbeugung und elektronenmikroskopische Daten von einigen kristallinen Polymerprodukten mit elastischen Eigenschaften (Polypropylen, Celcon, Poly-4-methylpenten) werden berichtet. Die photographische Röntgen-Kleinwinkelmethode liefert wichtige qualitative Messungen der morphologischen Struktur dieser elastischen Materialien in den Zuständen sowohl wie hergestellt als auch nach Tempern und während des Dehnungsprozesses. Die Dicke der Lamellen, ihre Dikkenverteilung und die Güte der Lamellen konnten abgeschätzt werden. Die laterale Ordnung und die Orientierung der Lamellen kann aus Weitwinkelbeugungsdaten abgeleitet werden. Die Elektronenmikroskopie bestätigt die Morphologie, die aus Röntgendaten folgt. Ein allgemeines Strukturmodel dieser Morphologie, das im Einklang mit den mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Produkte steht, wird diskutiert.

     

Facile Total Synthesis of (±)‐Nimbiol

A facile total synthesis of (±)‐nimbiol 1 has been achieved. In order to decrease the dioxo byproduct 2a , an improved oxidation system of CrO₃/H₂O/HOAc/NaOAc was used.     

Etudes sur les fibres naturelles et de synthèse

Résumé Nous avons mesuré, en fonction de la température, le degré de gonflement dans l'eau de fibres de collagène amorphes qui ont été tannées différemment, ceci dans le but de pouvoir déterminer, pour chaque degré de tannage (pontage chimique) la chaleur de mélange du collagène amorphe sec avec l'eau de gonflement. En utilisant la théorie relative au gonflement des réseaux polymériques amorphes dans un excès de diluant, on a pu montrer que le paramètre thermodynamiqueχ ₁ caractéristique du système collagène-eau (paramètre deFlory-Huggins) varie avec la composition du réseau gonflé. Par contre, le paramètre ?enthalpique? correspondantϰ ₁=− =−0,34 est indépendant de cette composition. La chaleur de mélangeΔH _mél/V ₀ d'un cm³ de collagène amorphe sec avec l'eau de gonflement peut être calculée pour les différents degrées de tannage. Elle a le signe deϰ ₁, i. e. elle est négative et est donnée par:ΔH _mél/V ₀=RT gK₁(1−v₂ ^éq). Sa valeur absolue est donc d'autant moins importante que le degré de tannage des fibres est poussé; v₂ ^éq augmente en effet avec la concentration en liens intermoléculaires introduits dans les échantillons. La variation d'enthalpie accompagnant la transformation d'une fibre de collagène cristalline sèche en fibre amorphe gonflée (enthalpie de rétraction dans l'eau) diminuée de la chaleur de mélange correspondant au gonflement de la fibre amorphe sèche dans l'eau donne la chaleur de fusion du collagène sec. Cette quantité est égale à:ΔH/V ₀=28±1,5 cal./cm³ et est indépendante du degré de tannage comme on doit s'y attendre.

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Summary We have measured the temperature dependence of the swelling of amorphous collagen fibres of different degrees of tanning in an excess of water. This was done for the purpose of determining the heat of mixing of amorphous dry collagen with the equilibrium swelling water for each degree of tanning (chemical crosslinking). Using the theory of swelling of polymeric networks in an excess of diluent we were able to show that the parameterχ ₁ of the system collagen-water (Flory-Huggins parameter) is a function of the composition of the swollen network. On the other hand, the energy parameterϰ ₁=− =−0,34 is found to be concentration independent. The heat of mixingΔH _mél/V ₀ of 1 cm³ of dry amorphous collagen with the equilibrium swelling water can be calculated for the different degrees of tanning. It has the same sign asϰ ₁, i. e. is negative, and is given byΔH _mél/V ₀=RTϰ ₁ (1−v₂ ^éq). Its absolute value decreases therefore with increasing degrees of tanning, sincev ₂ ^éq increases with the density of the cross-links in the sample. The change in heat content on transforming 1 cm³ of dry crystalline collagen fibre into amorphous swollen fibre (heat of shrinking in water), decreased by the heat of swelling of the dry amorphous fibre in water, gives the heat of fusion of dry collagen. This latter equalsΔH/V ₀=28±1.5 cal/cm³ and is, as expected, independent of the degree of tanning.

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Zusammenfassung Um die Mischungsw?rme des amorphen trockenen Kollagens mit dem Quellungswasser zu bestimmen, wurde die Temperaturabh?ngigkeit des Quellungsgrades von verschieden stark gegerbten amorphen Kollagenfasern gemessen. Auf Grund der Theorie der Quellung von amorphen polymeren Netzwerken in einem überschu? von Quellungsmittel konnte gezeigt werden, da? der thermodynamische (Flory- Huggins) Parameterχ ₁ für das System Kollagen-Wasser vom Quellungsgrad des Netzwerkes abh?ngt. Hingegen ist der Enthalpieparameterϰ ₁=− =−0,34 davon unabh?ngig. Die Mischungsw?rmeΔH _mél/V₀ eines cm³ trockenen amorphen Kollagens mit dem Quellungswasser kann für verschiedene Gerbungsgrade (Vernetzungsgrade) berechnet werden. Sie hat das gleiche Vorzeichen wieϰ ₁ d. h. ist negativ, und gehorcht der Gleichung:ΔH _mél/V ₀=RTϰ ₁ (1−v₂ ^éq). Der Betrag der Mischungsw?rme ist um so kleiner, je h?her der Gerbungsgrad der Faser ist; in der Tat w?chstv ₂ ^éq mit der Konzentration der Vernetzungspunkte an. Wenn von der Enthalpie?nderung, welche mit dem übergang von einer trockenen kristallinen Faser zu einer gequollenen amorphen verbunden ist, (Schrumfungsenthalpie im Wasser), die oben definierte QuellungsenthalpieΔH _mél/V ₀ abgezogen wird, so bleibt die Schmelzw?rme des trockenen Kollagens übrig. Diese Schmelzw?rme betr?gt:ΔH/V ₀=28±1,5 cal./cm³ und ist, wie zu erwarten, vom Vernetzungsgrad (Gerbungsgrad) des Fadens unabh?ngig.

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Travail effectué au Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Belgique).     

Simultaneous light emission from a mixture of dendrimer encapsulated chromophores: a model for single-layer multichromophoric organic light-emitting diodes

The site isolation of two dyes capable of electronic interaction via Forster energy transfer has been studied with the two dyes coumarin 343 and pentathiophene encapsulated by dendrons containing both solubilizing and electroactive moieties. Photoluminescence studies of mixtures of the dendritic dyes show that at high dendron generation, significant site isolation is achieved with relative emission characteristics influenced by both the degree of site isolation and the emission quantum yield of the dyes. Electroluminescence studies carried out in organic light emitting diode devices confirm that color tuning may be achieved by mixing the two encapsulated dyes in a single layer. However, selective carrier trapping by one of the core component dyes can dramatically influence the effectiveness of other components in the device.     

Two-electron-transfer redox systems,part 7: two-step electrochemical oxidation of the boron subhalide cluster dianions B6X 2- 6 (X = Cl,Br, I)

Boron subhalide cluster dianions B6X 2- 6 (X = Cl, Br, I) are electrochemically oxidized in two steps. According to cyclic voltammograms, the first step is chemically reversible and yields the corresponding radical anions B6X .- 6. The electron transfer is nearly diffusion controlled. The second, slower electron-transfer step leads to a species which we assume to be the hitherto not yet described neutral compounds B6X 2- 6. The voltammograms indicate a coupled fast catalytic reaction, producing the radical anions in a reduction by an electrolyte component. Computer simulations of the cyclic voltammograms reveal mechanistic details of the redox reactions, as well as quantitative values for formal potentials, rate constants, and diffusion coefficients. The results are compared to other BnXn redox systems.     

Sensitivity in Supramolecular Architectures of Polyaromatic Salts Containing Two Singly‐Pimerized Bipyridines

Three novel supramolecular arrays of zigzag polyaromatic salts are reported. Both the conformation and disposition of the dications are subjected to various noncovalent interactions. Thus, the presence or absence of the π‐π interacting enclathrated molecules, the efficient packing and the involved hydrogen bonding interactions of anions, as well as the increased hydrophobic property of the dications themselves exert influence.     

Size control of dendrimer-templated silica

One of the most significant challenges facing the biomimetic synthesis of materials is achieving the requisite level of dimensional and spatial control. Typical reaction conditions for biomimetic silica synthesis allow for continued growth and ripening leading to the formation of larger nanospheres on the order of 200-600 nm in diameter. Herein, we have used polyamidoamine and polypropylenimine dendrimers as templates to expand the reaction conditions of biogenic silica production to produce a more robust synthesis leading to size-selective precipitation of silica nanospheres. Through the use of defined concentrations of phosphate buffer and main group metal chloride salts, we have shown that the biomimetic silica growth process is controlled by cationic neutralization of the anionic silica nanosphere surface. Neutralization minimizes electrostatic repulsions, allowing for agglomerization and continued growth of nanospheres. By controlling these concentrations, we can selectively produce silica nanospheres of desired dimensions between 30 and 300 nm without adversely affecting the template's activity.