Untersuchung der verdickung von latex-dispersionen durch ethylacrylat-methacrylsäure-copolymere

Zusammenfassung Es wurden dynamische and stationdre Scherversuche durchgeführt, um den Verdickungseinfluß von Copolymeren aus Ethylacrylat and 15, 40 bzw. 65 Gew. % Methacrylsdure auf Latex-Dispersionen aus Ethylacrylat mit 0 bzw. 1 Gew. % Acrylsaure zu untersuchen. Nach Überschreiten eines Schwellwertes der Verdickungsmittelkonzentration, welche mit dem Sauregehalt im Verdickungsmittel und im Latex abnahm, wurde ein starker Anstieg des Speicher-und Verlust-Moduls (G and G) sowie der Fließgrenze und der Thixotropie beobachtet. Gleichzeitig wurde ein Überwiegen der viskosen Eigenschaften sowie eine zunehmende Flockulationsfähigkeit des Verdickungsmittels festgestellt. Bei größerem Säuregehalt im Latex überwogen die elastischen Eigenschaften, gleichzeitig erhöhte sich die Bestandigkeit gegen Flockulation. Die Verdickungswirkung der unterschiedlich zusammengesetzen Systeme wird durch die Ausbildung einer Raumnetzstruktur erklärt. Das Flockulationsverhalten wird auf Änderungen der Ladung und des freien Volumens zurückgeführt.

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The thickening effect of latices of ethylacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers (15, 40, and 65 wt. % of the acid) on latices of ethylacrylate-acrylic acid copolymers (0 and 1 wt. % of the acid) was studied by using dynamic and steady shear flow measurement. It was found that beyond a certain concentration of the thickener the storage modulus G, the loss modulus G, the yield stress values, and thixotropic behavior rapidly increased. At the same time, viscous properties and the flocculation ability of the thickeners prevailed. On the contrary, an increase in acid content in the latex made the elastic properties and flocculation resistance of the system more pronounced. The thickening effect is explained by the formation of an ordered structure. The flocculation behavior is explained by changes of the electrical charge and the free volume.

Teilweise vorgetragen an der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Rheologischen Gesellschaft, 13.–15. Mai 1991, Berlin.     

Out-of-plane deflections of metallic and composite pin-loaded coupons

The projection shadow moiré technique was employed to determine an out-of-plane contouring history of aluminum, [(+45/–45)]_3S , [(0/90₃,0] _S and [(0/90/+45/–45)]_2S fiberglass epoxy pin-loaded specimens experimentally. The contouring interval was limited to 0.0254 mm by experimental concerns. Qualification of the projection shadow moiré optical arrangement was initially accomplished by the out-of-plane contouring of a clamped, centrally loaded, circular aluminum plate. Experimental results indicate significant out-of-plane displacements in the bearing region of the coupon at load levels well below ultimate. Effects of material anisotropy could be seen in the fiber-oriented shape of the displacement contours. Comparisons with three-dimensional finite-element results indicate that experimental out-of-plane contours were significantly larger than their finite-element counterparts in the region above the pin for the [(+45/–45)]_3S , [(0/90)₃, 0] _S laminates. These deviations increased with increasing pin-load level. These variations could be attributed to linear-elastic through-thickness moduli assumptions as well as through-thickness finite-element mesh coarseness.     

Transient heat-conduction response of a composite plane wall

A method based on the Laplace Transform Technique has been developed to solve the problem of transient one-dimensional heat conduction in a composite plane wall. The temperature distribution is obtained in close form in thes-domain. A series inverse transformation method is used to obtain the temperatures in the time domain. To illustrate the method, it has been applied to evaluate the transient response of three representative composite plane walls.

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Transiente Wärmeleitung einer zusammengesetzten ebenen Wand

Zusammenfassung Hier ist ein auf der Laplace-Transformation basierendes Verfahren entwickelt worden, um das Problem der transienten eindimensionalen Wärmeleitung in einer zusammengesetzten ebenen Wand zu lösen. Die Temperaturverteilung ist durch die geschlossene Form ims-Bereich erhalten worden. Es sind eine Reihe von Transformationsverfahren benutzt worden, um die Temperatur im Zeitbereich zu erhalten. Um das Verfahren zu veranschaulichen, wurde für die Berechnung der transienten Reaktion der drei repräsentativen, zusammengefügten, ebenen Wände angewandt.

     

Zum Randwertproblem der schwingenden schubelastischen Platte

Übersicht Über das Prinzip von Hamilton werden mittels verschiedener Ritzansätze für die Verschiebungen bzw. Spannungen Bewegungsgleichungen für die schwingende Platte hergeleitet. Abhängig von der Phasengeschwindigkeit ebener Biegewellen wird ein Schubbeiwert definiert, der im Vergleich mit der exakten Lösung der unendlichen Platte als Gütekriterium dient.

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On the boundary value problem of vibrating plates

Summary Following Hamilton's principle the equations of motion of a vibrating plate are derived by means of an expansion of the displacements respectively stresses using Ritz method. Depending upon the wave velocity of straight-crested flexural waves a shear coefficient is defined to check the above solutions with the known exact solution for the infinite plate.

     

Spannungskonzentration einfach- und doppeltgekerbter tordierter Wellen

übersicht Mittels eines auf der Randintegralgleichungsmethode basierenden numerischen Berechnungsverfahrens werden zun?chst die Kerbfaktoren tordierter Wellen mit kreisf?rmig ausgerundeter Einzelkerbe bestimmt und mit bekannten Ergebnissen verglichen. Dabei wird eine von Neuber [1] angegebene Interpolations-formel gut best?tigt, die in Abh?ngigkeit von Kerbtiefe und Kerbsch?rfe eine bequeme Bestimmung der Kerbfaktoren erlaubt. Anschlie?end wird die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von zwei in beliebigem Abstand zueinander angeordneten kongruenten Kerben untersucht. Entsprechende Kerbfaktordiagramme werden angegeben und analytische Interpolationsformeln für die genauere Bestimmung von Zwischenwerten aufgestellt. Ein Vergleich mit den in der Literatur bekannten Ergebnissen von Mehrfachkerben wird vorgenommen.

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Summary Stress concentration factors arising in the torsion of shafts with a circumferential notch are determined by means of a computer program, based on a boundary integral equation method, and are compared with known results. The results agree well with stress concentration factors obtained from a semiempirical interpolation formula of Neuber [1], which allows a comfortable determination of the concentration factors depending on the base radius and the depth of the grooves. In the second part the reciprocal influence of two congruent circumferential notches, located at an arbitrary distance from each other, is investigated. Corresponding stress concentration factor graphs are given and an analytical interpolation formula is drawn up. A comparison is undertaken with known results for shafts with an infinite system of small grooves.

     

Nichtisotherme ebene Freistrahlen unter Schwerkrafteinfluß

Higher-order boundary layer theory is used to study the behaviour of nonisothermal laminar and turbulent free jet flows. In addition to the Prandtl boundary layer equations, an equation is used to describe the equilibrium of forces normal to the flow direction. This equilibrium exists between the buoyancy forces caused by gravity and the centrifugal forces resulting from the curvature in the flow. The proper selection of reference values permits the characteristics of the jet flow to be expressed as universal functions in which only the initial jet orientation and the Prandtl number in the case of laminar flow are input parameters. When the volume flow is given in addition to the momentum and thermal energy, the characteristic parameter are the Archimedes number for turbulent flow and the modified Archimedes number for laminar flow. The jet flow is calculated using an integral method in which the eddy viscosity and the turbulent Prandtl number are given as functions of the local Archimedes number. Comparison of experimental data from the literature and from our laboratory on nonisothermal free jets with the theoretical results, show satisfactory agreement. The universal diagrams given in the paper are valid forall plane laminar (Pr=0.7) and turbulent nonisothermal jets.     

Potentiostat for use in electro-chemical experiments

Summary In many electro-chemical experiments it is desirable that one of the current-carrying electrodes of an electrolytic bath has a constant potential. This may be realized by manual control of the bath current. Owing to the sudden and unpredictable potential fluctuations of the electrode concerned, this is very difficult and even impossible in some special cases, e.g. when passivating an Fe-electrode in aqueous H₂SO₄. In addition there may be a considerable time-lag between the potential and the current fluctuations. The different types of potentiostats described so far seem to have too large a time-lag or/and too low a sensitivity for this purpose. The authors describe a potentiostat with proportional and integrating properties resulting in a stabilization of the potential within 1/2 mV in favourable sections of the potential current characteristic. Even with an electrode with a very steep potential current characteristic (e.g. the above mentioned Fe-electrode) the ripple never exceeds a few mV. The bath current, the maximum value of which is 30 mA, is the differential current of two electronic tubes. This type of circuit offers various advantages.     

On the pressure dependence of the viscosity of aqueous sugar solutions

New experimental data for the pressure dependence of the viscosity of aqueous solutions of different sugars are presented. Measurements were carried out with a gravity driven high pressure viscometer with a maximum pressure of 700 MPa. The influence of both concentration and temperature on the pressure dependence of the viscosity is considered. Next to the data, a viscosity model based on a suspension model is introduced and it is shown that it is able to predict the viscosity for sugar solutions in a broad parameter range, including pressure. It is demonstrated that the relative viscosity for varying sugar mass fraction at constant pressure coincides with the pressure-dependent relative viscosity for a fixed sugar mass fraction, suggesting that there are no structural changes occurring under pressure. A brief interpretation of the viscosity model is given.     

Approximate analytical solutions for solute transport in two-layer porous media

Mathematical models for transport in layered media are important for investigating how restricting layers affect rates of solute migration in soil profiles; they may also improve the analysis of solute displacement experiments. This study reports an (approximate) analytical solution for solute transport during steady-state flow in a two-layer medium requiring continuity of solute fluxes and resident concentrations at the interface. The solutions were derived with Laplace transformations making use of the binomial theorem. Results based on this solution were found to be in relatively good agreement with those obtained using numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. An expression for the flux-averaged concentration in the second layer was also obtained. Zero- and first-order approximations for the solute distribution in the second layer were derived for a thin first layer representing a water film or crust on top of the medium. These thin-layer approximations did not perform as well as the binomial solution, except for the first-order approximation when the Peclet number,P, of the first layer, was low (P<5). Results of this study indicate that the ordering of two layers will affect the predicted breakthrough curves at the outlet of the medium. The two-layer solution was used to illustrate the effects of dispersion in the inlet or outlet reservoirs using previously published data on apparatus-induced dispersion.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.