Prädikatives und funktionales Denken in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung

In order to emphasize functional thinking in mathematical education, arguments are brought forward for an early and frequent use of tree diagrams in teaching stochastics. Since set and tree diagrams can be regarded as two sides of the same matter, Bayes’ theorem, which is strongly associated with predicative set diagrams, need not be dealt with explicitly any longer. Set diagrams are replaced by tree diagrams that are labelled in detail and by tree inversion as a functional instrument of dealing with conditioned probabilities. This technique is demonstrated by three typical problems in the context of conditioned probability. Finally, two letters by Pascal to Fermat are analysed in order to illustrate that predicative and functional approaches were already pursued in the early stages of probability calculus in the 17^th century.     

Über den Nachweis von Jodoform,Naphtol und Chloroform in thierischen Flüssigkeiten und Organen

Ohne ZusammenfassungDiese Abhandlung ist schon im Maihefte der Sitzungsberichte erschienen, war auch für das entsprechende fünfte Heft der Monatshefte bestimmt, ist aber durch ein Versehen aus demselben weggeblieben.     

Exact solutions of solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer when subjected to convective boundary conditions

A closed-form expression is presented to find the location of solid-liquid interface motion in convection-dominated solidification and melting problems. In this regard, the solutions are expressed in terms of the generalized representations of error functions,E (u, v) andF (u, v), which are useful to heat-conduction problems with convective-type boundary conditions. It is demonstrated that for constant surface temperature, the interface solution reduces to the classical Neumann solution.