Real time estimation of CO2 laser weld quality for automotive industry

Laser welding is one of the most precise welding processes in joining sheet metals. In laser welding, performing real time evaluation of the welding quality is very important to enhance the efficiency of the welding process. In this study, the plasma and spatter, which are generated during laser welding, are measured using UV and IR photodiodes. The factors that influence weld quality are classified into five categories; optimal heat input, slightly low heat input, low heat input, partial joining due to gap mismatch, and nozzle deviation. The data number deviated from reference signals and their standard deviations were also considered to evaluate the qualities. A system was also formulated to perform real time evaluations of the weld quality using a fuzzy multi-feature pattern recognition with the measured signals.     

Submillimeter transmission spectra of Sr2Ca2Cu4Oy

Transmission spectra of Sr₂Ca₂Cu₄O_y, which is a part of high T_c superconducting system Bi₂Sr₂Ca_n–1Cu_nO_z, and their temperature evolutions were investigated by monochromatic quasioptical submillimeter spectroscopy. Strong increase of high frequency conductivity in the range 80 to 350K was revealed. The obtained results were analyzed on basis of thermally activated carriers model.     

Using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 3-T MRI for the differentiation of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma and focal confluent fibrosis in liver cirrhosis

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine significant imaging features to differentiate between infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and confluent fibrosis (CF) in liver cirrhosis using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced 3-T magnetic resonance imaging.

Material and methods

Nineteen infiltrative HCCs and eight CFs were included. We evaluated the difference in imaging findings and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) between the two entities. We compared T2-weighted image (WI) and hepatobiliary phase (HBP) in terms of the clarity of the lesion outer margin.

Results

Seventeen infiltrative HCCs showed lobulated margin, while focal CFs showed either straight (n = 3) or irregular margins (n = 5) (P = .001). All infiltrative HCCs had intact or bulging contours, and all focal CFs showed capsular retraction (P = .001). Fourteen infiltrative HCCs and two focal CFs showed arterial enhancement (P = .035). The ADC of infiltrative HCCs was significantly lower than that of CFs (P = .001). Satellite nodules were noted in 10 infiltrative HCCs. In terms of outer margin clarity, infiltrative HCCs showed a more distinct margin on HBP than on T2-WI (P = .005), while these two sequences were not significantly different in focal CFs (P = 1.000).

Conclusion

HBP improved the imaging characteristics of infiltrative HCC, allowing it to be distinguished from focal CF. Infiltrative HCC showed lower ADC values than focal CF. Lobular configuration, contour bulging, enhancement pattern, associated satellite nodules and portal vein thrombosis were still found to be highly suggestive MR findings for infiltrative HCC.     

High performance Zn–Sn–O thin film transistors with Cu source/drain electrode

Zn–Sn–O (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated with a Cu source/drain electrode. Although a reasonably high mobility (μ_FE) of 13.2 cm²/Vs was obtained for the ZTO TFTs, the subthreshold gate swing (SS) and threshold voltage (V_th) of 1.1 V/decade and 9.1 V, respectively, were inferior. However, ZTO TFTs with Ta film inserted as a diffusion barrier, exhibited improved SS and V_th values of 0.48 V/decade and 3.0 V, respectively as well as a high μ_FE value of 18.7 cm²/Vs. The improvement in the Ta‐inserted device was attributed to the suppression of Cu lateral diffusion into the ZTO channel region. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Biodegradable Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal

The a-D-glucose was chemically modified with an allyl isocyanate (MG) and introduced into the polymer matrix for holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC), and the effects were studied in terms of morphology, grating formulation dynamics and electro-optical and biodegradable properties. Phase separation and diffraction efficiency increased at low content of (MG ≤ 4 wt%), while a rapid increase in crosslink density entrapped the LC droplets within the polymer to give poor phase separation, small droplet size, and low diffraction efficiency at high content. The HPDLC film was driven only with the addition of MG due to the increased droplet size with a minimum driving voltage of 18 V at 6.0 wt% MG. With the addition and an increasing amount of MG, the biodegradation of the composite film in a buffer solution was significantly increased in proportion to its amount.     

A high pressure,high temperature study of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitro ethylene

We report a synchrotron energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction study of the novel high explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene at high pressures and high temperatures. Pressure was generated using a Paris–Edinburgh cell to employ larger sample volumes. High temperatures were created using a resistive graphite cylinder surrounding the sample. The PT phase diagram was explored in the 3.3 GPa pressure range and in the ～ 400°C temperature range. We believe that the sample commenced in the α-phase and then ended up in an amorphous phase when the temperature increased beyond 280°C near 2 GPa, which we believe to be the γ-phase. Further pressure and temperature cycling suggests that the sample transformed reversibly into and out of the amorphous phase near the phase line.     

Influence of SiNx:H film properties according to gas mixture ratios for crystalline silicon solar cells

The Hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiN_x:H) using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition is widely used in photovoltaic industry as an antireflection coating and passivation layer. In the high temperature firing process, the SiN_x:H film should not change the properties for its use as high quality surface layer in crystalline silicon solar cells. For optimizing surface layer in crystalline silicon solar cells, by varying gas mixture ratios (SiH₄ + NH₃ + N₂, SiH₄ + NH₃, SiH₄ + N₂), the hydrogenated silicon nitride films were analyzed for its antireflection and surface passivation (electrical and chemical) properties. The film deposited with the gas mixture of SiH₄ + NH₃ + N₂ showed the best properties in before and after firing process conditions.The single crystalline silicon solar cells fabricated according to optimized gas mixture condition (SiH₄ + NH₃ + N₂) on large area substrate of size 156 mm × 156 mm (Pseudo square) was found to have the conversion efficiency as high as 17.2%. The reason for the high efficiency using SiH₄ + NH₃ + N₂ is because of the good optical transmittance and passivation properties. Optimized hydrogenated silicon nitride surface layer and high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells fabrication sequence has also been explained in this study.     

Electronic linewidth narrowing method for single axial mode operation of Q-switched Nd: YAG lasers

Electronic control of the Q-switch is used to obtain single axial mode output from an unstable resonator Nd: YAG oscillator. Controlled opening of the Q-switch following prespiking pulses provides over 10 MW of peak power in a single axial mode without significant output power reduction.