Economical,Green, and Safe Route Towards Substituted Lactones by Anodic Generation of Oxycarbonyl Radicals

A new electrochemical methodology has been developed for the generation of oxycarbonyl radicals under mild and green conditions from readily available hemioxalate salts. Mono‐ and multi‐functionalised γ‐butyrolactones were synthesised through exo‐cyclisation of these oxycarbonyl radicals with an alkene, followed by the sp³–sp³ capture of the newly formed carbon‐centred radical. The synthesis of functionalised valerolactone derivatives was also achieved, demonstrating the versatility of the newly developed methodology. This represents a viable synthetic route towards pharmaceutically important fragments and further demonstrates the practicality of electrosynthesis as a green and economical method to activate small organic molecules.     

Synaptic depression and short-term habituation are located in the sensory part of the mammalian startle pathway

Background  

Short-term habituation of the startle response represents an elementary form of learning in mammals. The underlying mechanism is located within the primary startle pathway, presumably at sensory synapses on giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). Short trains of action potentials in sensory afferent fibers induce depression of synaptic responses in PnC giant neurons, a phenomenon that has been proposed to be the cellular correlate for short-term habituation. We address here the question whether both this synaptic depression and the short-term habituation of the startle response are localized at the presynaptic terminals of sensory afferents. If this is confirmed, it would imply that these processes take place prior to multimodal signal integration, rather than occurring at postsynaptic sites on PnC giant neurons that directly drive motor neurons.     

On chain morphisms of commutative rings

Résumé  On dit qu’un homomorphismef :A →B d’anneaux commutatifs est un morphisme de cha?ne (resp., den-cha?ne pour un entiern ≥ 1) si toute cha?ne d’idéaux premiers (resp., d’au plusn idéaux premiers) deA se relève en une cha?ne d’idéaux premiers deB. Sif est un morphisme den-cha?ne, alorsf n’est pas forcément un morphisme de (n + 1)-cha?ne, même siA etB sont des anneaux intègres, doncf n’est pas un morphisme de cha?ne. Sif est un morphisme den-cha?ne pour toutn, alorsf est un morphisme de cha?ne. Un morphisme de cha?ne n’est pas forcément un morphisme de cha?ne universel. Pour tout entiern ≥ 2,f est universellement un morphisme den-cha?ne si et seulement sif est universellement un morphisme de cha?ne. Un morphisme qui est universellement de cha?ne et universellement incomparable n’est pas nécessairement entier, même siA etB sont des anneaux intègres de dimension 1 (au sens de Krull).