Base doping and dopant profile control of SiGe npn and pnp HBTs

Incorporation of high doping concentrations and the creation and maintaining of steep doping profiles during processing are key enabler for high level RF performance of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). In this paper, we discuss results of base doping and dopant profile control for npn and pnp SiGe HBTs fabricated within 0.25 μm BiCMOS technologies. High level of electrically active B and P doping concentrations (up to 10²⁰ cm⁻³) have been incorporated into SiGe. By adding C to SiGe steep doping profiles have been maintained due to the prevention of dopant diffusion during device processing. It is shown that broadening of P doping profiles caused by segregation could be reduced by lowering the deposition temperature for the SiGe cap. B and P atomic layer doping is shown to be suitable for the creation of steep and narrow doping profiles. This result is demonstrating the capability of the atomic layer processing approach for future devices with critical requirements of dopant dose and location control.     

Redox behavior and diffusion of copper in soda-lime-silica melts

Glasses with the base mol% composition xNa₂O · 10CaO · (90 ? x)SiO₂ with x = 10, 16, 20 and 26 were investigated at high temperatures using square-wave voltammetry. The recorded voltammograms exhibit two peaks. That at less negative or (depending on temperature and glass composition) even positive potential is attributed to the reduction of Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺, while that observed at more negative potential is caused by the reduction of Cu⁺ to metallic copper. For both redox steps, the peak potentials decrease linearly with temperature. Those of the composition with 10 mol% Na₂O show the most negative values. The diffusion coefficients can be fitted to Arrhenius equation. If referenced to the same viscosity, the diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing Na₂O-concentration. The effect of composition on the thermodynamics as well as on diffusivities is explained by the incorporation of the copper ions into the melt structure.     

Determination of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol residues by high resolution mass spectrometry versus tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography based method, coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS), was developed to permit the detection and quantification of various nitrofuran and chloramphenicol residues in a number of animal based food products. This method is based on the hydrolysis of covalently bound metabolites and derivatization with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Clean-up is achieved by a liquid/liquid and a reversed phase/solid phase extraction. Not only are the four conventional nitrofurans (nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone and furaltadone) detected, but also nifursol, nitrovin and nifuroxazide. Furthermore, an underivatizable nitrofuran (nifurpirinol) and another banned drug (chloramphenicol) can be quantified as well. The compounds are detected in the form of their precursor ions, [M + H]⁺ and [M − H]⁻, respectively. The mass resolving power of 70,000 FWHM, and the applied mass window ensure sufficient selectivity and sensitivity. Confirmation is obtained by monitoring the HRMS resolved product ions which were derived from the unit-mass resolved precursor ions. The multiplexing capability of the utilized Orbitrap instrument provides not only highly selective, but also sensitive confirmatory signals. This method has been validated according to the CD 2002/657/EC for the following matrices: muscle, liver, kidney, fish, honey, eggs and milk.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino CH/NH Functionalization: An Efficient Approach to Nitrogen‐Bridged Heteroacenes

Palladium‐catalyzed domino C?H/N?H functionalization for the synthesis of novel nitrogen‐bridged thienoacenes and 10H‐benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]indole derivatives from dihaloarene is reported. This domino sequence consists of initial C?H functionalization of the benzo[b]thiophene moiety, followed by Buchwald–Hartwig coupling. This transformation is also useful for the synthesis of highly π‐extended compounds.     

Synthesis of Highly Functionalized N,N-Diarylamides by an Anodic C,N-Coupling Reaction

We report an innovative, sustainable and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of N,N-diarylamides equipped with nonprotected hydroxyl groups by using electrosynthesis. The concept allows the application of various substrates furnishing diarylamides with yields up to 57 % within a single and direct electrolytic protocol. The method is thereby easy to conduct in an undivided cell with constant current conditions offering a versatile and short-cut alternative to conventional pathways.     

Metal-Free Twofold Electrochemical C−H Amination of Activated Arenes: Application to Medicinally Relevant Precursor Synthesis

The efficient production of many medicinally or synthetically important starting materials suffers from wasteful or toxic precursors for the synthesis. In particular, the aromatic non-protected primary amine function represents a versatile synthetic precursor, but its synthesis typically requires toxic oxidizing agents and transition metal catalysts. The twofold electrochemical amination of activated benzene derivatives via Zincke intermediates provides an alternative sustainable strategy for the formation of new C−N bonds of high synthetic value. As a proof of concept, we use our approach to generate a benzoxazinone scaffold that gained attention as a starting structure against castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Further improvement of the structure led to significantly increased cancer cell line toxicity. Thus, exploiting environmentally benign electrooxidation, we present a new versatile and powerful method based on direct C−H activation that is applicable for example the production of medicinally relevant compounds.