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541.
We have used experimental deuterium NMR spectra from labeled tryptophans in membrane-spanning gramicidin A (gA)(1) channels to refine the geometry of the indole ring and, specifically, the C2-(2)H bond direction. By using partial exchange in a cold organic acid, we were able to selectively deuterate ring positions C2 and C5 and, thereby, define unambiguous spectral assignments. In a backbone-independent analysis, the assigned spectra from four distinct labeled tryptophans were used to assess the geometry of the planar indole ring. We found that the C2-(2)H bond makes an angle of about 6 degrees with respect to the normal to the indole ring bridge, and the experimental geometry was confirmed by density functional calculations using a 6-311G** basis set. The precisely determined ring geometry and the experimental spectra in turn are the foundation for calculations of the orientation of each tryptophan indole ring, with respect to the bilayer membrane normal, and of a principal order parameter S(zz) for each ring. The results have general significance for revising the tryptophan ring geometry that is used in protein molecular modeling, as well as for the analysis of tryptophan ring orientations in membrane-spanning proteins. The experimental precision in the definition of the indole ring geometry demonstrates yet another practical application emanating from fundamental research on the robust gramicidin channel.  相似文献   
542.
The influence of relative humidity (RH) during the film preparation on the surface morphology and on the material distribution of the resulting technical polymer blend films consisting of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) is investigated by atomic force microscopy. Both pure polymers and polymer blends with different compositions of PVB/PMMA dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used. Polymer films prepared under dry conditions (RH < 20%) are compared with those that have the same polymer composition but were prepared under increased humidity conditions (RH > 80%). The films consisting of the pure polymers showed a nonporous surface morphology for low‐humidity preparation conditions, whereas high‐humidity preparation conditions lead to porous PVB and PMMA films, respectively. These pores are explained as the result of a breath figure formation. In the case of the polymer blend films containing both polymers, porous or phase‐separated surface structures were observed even at low‐humidity conditions. A superposition of the effects of phase separation and breath figure formation is observed in the case of polymer blend films prepared under high‐humidity conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images taken before and after the treatment with ethanol as a selective solvent for PVB indicate that PMMA is deposited on top of a PVB layer in the case of the low‐humidity preparation process whereas for high‐humidity conditions the silicon substrate is covered with a PMMA film. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
543.
Comparative studies of the transformation of CO/H2 mixtures on Pd supported (MgO, Al2O3, ThO2) catalysts reveal the promoting effect of thoria, particularly towards hydrocarbon products.
CO/H2 Pd MgO, Al2O3 ThO2 ThO2, .
  相似文献   
544.
The new isomeric ruthenium/zirconium dihydrides of the formula (PPh(3))HRuH(&mgr;-PMe(2)Cp)(2)ClZrCl (1, 2) (Cp = C(5)Me(4)) have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR ((1)H, (31)P and (1)H relaxation data). Complex 1, stabilized by Cl and H bridges, has been isolated from the room temperature reaction between RuH(2)(H(2))(PPh(3))(3) and (PMe(2)Cp)(2)ZrCl(2). The X-ray crystallographic study of 1 revealed a bimetallic complex. The six-coordinate Ru atom and the five-coordinate Zr atom are held together by two bifunctional phosphinocyclopentadienyl ligands and by H and Cl bridges. Crystal data for 1: monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, a = 13.901(2) ?, b = 18.205(6) ?, c = 16.633(3) ?, beta = 92.43(1) degrees, V = 4206 ?(3), Z = 4, d(calc) = 1.472 g cm(-)(3), R(F) = 0.056, R(w)(F) = 0.058. Complex 2 with two H bridges and terminal Cl ligands at Ru and Zr has been obtained by an irreversible isomerization of 1 in the presence of HNEt(3)BPh(4). This transformation has been proposed to occur through slow protonation of one of the phosphorus ligands with the five-coordinate Ru center formed by undergoing rapid pseudorotation. Complexes 1 and 2 do not react with H(2), N(2), or 3,3-dimethyl-but-1-ene. Treatment of 1 with 1 equiv of NaHBEt(3) in C(6)D(6) gives a mixture of new trihydrides (PPh(3))HRu(&mgr;-Cl)(&mgr;-H)(&mgr;-PMe(2)Cp)(2)ZrH (3) and (PPh(3))HRu(&mgr;-H)(2)(&mgr;-PMe(2)Cp)(2)ZrCl (4). Complex 3 transforms to 4 upon standing in solution for a period of several days. Under the same conditions, complex 2 leads smoothly to trihydride 4. Both trihydrides are new and have been characterized by (1)H, (31)P NMR, and (1)H NMR relaxation data. Complexes 1 and 4 are fluxional in solution at room temperature, showing hydride exchange between the terminal and bridging positions. The variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectra allowed determinations of the DeltaG() values of 16.4 (313 K, THF-d(8)) and 13.5 kcal/mol (295 K, toluene-d(8)) for the exchange in complexes 1 and 4, respectively. Possible exchange mechanisms have been discussed. Complex 2 is rigid on the NMR time scale.  相似文献   
545.
Two standard solutions of deuterated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) have been prepared for use as surrogate internal standards. Solution DPAC-1 contains 21 deuterated PACs, and is intended for use with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Most of the difficulties in certifying concentrations in DPAC-1 arose from the fact that none of the individual compounds was 100% deuterated, so that effects of mass spectrometric fragmentation are convoluted with those of isotopic distributions. The best methods are discussed for using such internal standards so as to minimize these problems, together with those arising from kinetic isotope effects. Solution DPAC-2 contains 6 deuterated PACs, and is primarily intended for use with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD, dual programmed wavelength mode), in which the signals for analyte and internal standard are separated chromatographically rather than via the detector. Full details of the preparation of these solutions are described. In addition, examples of their use in the analysis of a certified coal-tar extract (NIST SRM 1597) are described briefly. In one example a novel HPLC-MS technique was employed, and in the other the HPLC-FLD technique was used.NRCC No. 38030  相似文献   
546.
Sulphite was determined in alcoholic (wine) and non-alcoholic (fruit juice) samples using an indirect amperometric FIA method. The current measured at 0V was proportional to the amount of the Cu3+ species chemically generated by the sulphite-induced autoxidation of the Cu3+ /tetraglycine complex in the presence of traces of Ni2+. The proposed flow method incorporates gas-diffusion separation of sulphite (in the form of SO2) through a PTFE membrane, thereby restraining interference caused by the matrices. The dynamic concentration range was 20–100µM with a detection limit of 2µM (S/N=3). The repeatability of current responses for 100µM sulphite was evaluated to be 4.9% (n=20), and the analytical frequency was 40h–1. Results for various samples were compared with those obtained when using a recommended procedure (correlation coefficient=0.998, n=5), and recovery ranged between 92 and 98%.  相似文献   
547.
548.
Pulps obtained from the ethanol/water cooking of sugarcane bagasse were bleached with the xylanase enzyme obtained from the fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus IOC-4145 and with the commercial enzyme Cartazyme HS from Sandoz. By changing the enzyme dose from 4.3 to 36 IU/g of pulp, kappa number and viscosity were maintained when the xylanase from T. lanuginosus was used. On the other hand, by using Cartazyme HS, kappa number decreased by 17%, reaching 35.5. This pulp was further extracted with NaOH without a decrease in viscosity (10 cP), and pulp with a kappa number of 13 was obtained. Xylanases had no significant effect on the ethanol/water pulps.  相似文献   
549.
This paper describes a comparative study of the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Tl(I), and Cu(II) in highly saline samples (seawater, hydrothermal fluids, and dialysis concentrates) by ASV using the mercury‐film electrode (MFE) and the bismuth‐film electrode (BiFE) as working electrodes. The features of MFE and BiFE as working electrodes for the single‐run ASV determinations are shown and their performances are compared with that of HMDE under similar conditions. It was observed that the stripping peak of Tl(I) was well separated from Cd(II) and Pb(II) peaks in all the studied saline samples when MFE was used. Because of the severe overlapping of Bi(III) and Cu(II) stripping peaks in the ASV using BiFE, as well as the overlapping of Pb(II) and Tl(I) stripping peaks in the ASV using HMDE, the simultaneous determination of these metals was not possible in highly saline medium using these both working electrodes. The detection limits calculated for the metals using MFE and BiFE (deposition time of 60 s) were between 0.043 and 0.070 μg L?1 for Cd(II), between 0.060 and 0.10 μg L?1 for Pb(II) and between 0.70 and 8.12 μg L?1 for Tl(I) in the saline samples studied. The detection limits calculated for Cu(II) using the MFE were 0.15 and 0.50 μg L?1 in seawater/hydrothermal fluid and dialysis concentrate samples, respectively. The methods were applied to the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Tl(I), and Cu(II) in samples of seawater, hydrothermal fluids and dialysis concentrates.  相似文献   
550.
Let G be a compact Lie group. Let X, Y be free G-spaces. In this paper, by using the numerical index i (X; R), under cohomological conditions on the spaces X and Y, we consider the question of the existence of G-equivariant maps f: X ?? Y.  相似文献   
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