Die Photolyse der Methylmethacrylat/ Methylacrylat-Copolymeren

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aspects of Angular Dependent Auger Spectroscopy (ADAS)

Calculational results are presented which pertain to recent observations that considerable structure exists in the angular distributions of 62 eV M_2,3VV Auger electrons emitted from copper surfaces. A direct interpretation of these results demonstrates that both electron diffraction and anisotropic Auger emission must contribute significantly to the observed angular distributions.     

An automatic on-line viscometer for the measurement of non-Newtonian viscosity for process control applications

Summary A coaxial cylinder viscometer, which is available commercially, has been converted into an automatic instrument by replacing the manually-operated speed-selection switch with a cam timer and solenoid-operated switch. This enables the viscometer to operate using a pre-selected sequence of rotational speeds. The torque due to the fluid at each speed is measured by a built-in potentiometer and the electrical signal from this is recorded on punched tape using a data-logger.The conversion of the torque-speed data into shear stress/shear rate relations is carried out with the aid of a digital computer using the explicit formulae that exist in the literature. The computer programme incorporates routines for data smoothing and curve fitting, in which the latter allows for the differentiation of the torque-speed data demanded by the use of the explicit formulae.Although this instrument may be used as a laboratory viscometer to facilitate viscosity determination, it has been developed primarily as an on-line viscometer and will be used for gathering information on the non-Newtonian properties of a process fluid in order to determine how these are affected by different material variables. This appears to be the necessary first step in developing control instrumentation for processes in which the flow properties of the fluid are important.

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Zusammenfassung Ein koaxiales Zylinderviskosimeter, das im Handel erhältlich ist, wurde in ein automatisches Gerät umgebaut, indem der von Hand zu bedienende Schalter für die Geschwindigkeitswahl durch eine Nockensteuerung zur Zeitvorgabe und einen mit einem Solenoid betriebenen Schalter ersetzt wurde. Dadurch kann das Viskosimeter mit einer vorgewählten Folge von Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten betrieben werden. Das durch die Flüssigkeit bei der jeweiligen Geschwindigkeit hervorgerufene Drehmoment wird durch ein eingebautes Potentiometer gemessen. Das von dort kommende elektrische Signal wird auf Lochstreifen unter Benutzung eines Datenerfassungssystems aufgenommen.Die Umwandlung der Drehmoment-Geschwindigkeitswerte in Scherspannungs-Schergeschwindigkeitsbeziehungen geschieht mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners unter Benutzung von in der Literatur existierenden expliziten Gleichungen. Das Rechenprogramm enthält Schritte zur Größenglättung und Kurvenanpassung. Dieser letzte Schritt berücksichtigt die Differentiation der Drehmoment-Geschwindigkeitswerte, wie es bei der Anwendung der expliziten Formeln verlangt wird.Obwohl dieses Gerät zur Vereinfachung der Viskositätsbestimmung als Laborviskosimeter benutzt werden kann, ist es eigentlich als ein mit einer Datenverarbeitungsanlage gekoppeltes Viskosimeter entwickelt worden. Es wird zur Sammlung von Informationen über nicht-newtonische Eigenschaften einer Prozeßflüssigkeit benutzt, um festzustellen, wie diese durch die verschiedenen Stoffveränderlichen beeinflußt werden. Es scheint dies notwendig als erster Schritt in der Entwicklung von Kontrollgeräten für Prozesse, in denen die Fließeigenschaften der Flüssigkeit von Bedeutung sind.

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Paper presented at the Conference on Experimental Rheology, University of Bradford, April 17–19, 1968.     

Thermodynamic energy exchange in a moving plate capacitor

In this paper we describe an apparent paradox concerning a moving plate capacitor driven by thermal noise from a resistor. The plates are attracted together, but a demon restores the plates of the capacitor to their original position when the voltage across the capacitor is small-hence only small forces are present for the demon to work against. The demon has to work harder than this to avoid the situation of perpetual motion, but the open question is how? This is unsolved, however we explore the concept of a moving plate capacitor by examining the case where it is still excited by thermal noise, but where the restoring force on the capacitor plates is provided by a simple spring rather than some unknown demon. We display simulation results with interesting behavior, particularly where the capacitor plates collide with each other. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

Experimental confirmation of the predicted shallow donor hydrogen state in zinc oxide

We confirm the recent prediction that interstitial protium may act as a shallow donor in zinc oxide, by direct spectroscopic observation of its muonium counterpart. On implantation into ZnO, positive muons--chemically analogous to protons in this context--form paramagnetic centers below about 40 K. The muon-electron contact hyperfine interaction, as well as the temperature and activation energy for ionization, imply a shallow level. Similar results for the cadmium chalcogenides suggest that such shallow donor states are generic to the II-VI compounds. The donor level depths should serve as a guide for the electrical activity of interstitial hydrogen.     

Search for B --> tau(nu) and B --> K(nu)nu

We report results of a search for B-->tau(nu) in a sample of 9.7 x 10(6) charged B meson decays. We exclusively reconstruct the companion B decay to suppress background. We set an upper limit on the branching fraction B(B-->tau(nu))<8.4 x 10(-4) at 90% confidence level. We also establish B(B+/--->K+/-nu(nu))<2.4 x 10(-4) at 90% confidence level.     

Stereochemical definition and chirospecific synthesis of the peptide deformylase inhibitor Sch 382583

The recently reported natural product Sch 382583 (1), an inhibitor of peptide deformylase, has been synthesized in 16 steps from commercially available starting materials. The three chiral centers were set by a combination of chiral auxiliary and chiral pool approaches. The succinate 5 and piperazic acid 9 moieties were obtained by Evans oxazolidinone imide enolate alkylation and hydrazination/cyclization, respectively, and the aminohexanone side chain 13 was prepared via Grignard substitution of the Weinreb amide derived from l-valine. Spectroscopic data for the resulting synthetic material, compared with the data reported for the natural product, established that the previously unassigned valine ketone stereocenter (C-4) has the S-configuration.