Turbulent flow characteristics and heat transfer applications of a twisted heat exchanger with 3-lobed cross section along with Y-tape insert are numerically studied. The working fluids for the simulations are pure water and water–Al2O3 nanofluid using two-phase mixture model. The study is carried out for various nanofluid volume fractions of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 with Reynolds number in the range of 5000–20,000. The effect of nanoparticles in heat transfer augmentation for smooth and lobed tubes is discussed based on presenting the highest thermal performance, which is a relation between heat transfer rate and pressure loss. Results show that implementing the twisted tube with Y-tape insert enhances the heat transfer more than the twisted tube. Relative Nusselt numbers for twisted tubes decrease with Reynolds number in comparison with the plain tube. Turbulent intensity, swirl number and tangential velocity of twisted tube with insert are higher than empty twisted tube indicating that inserting the Y-tape intensifies the turbulence and disturbs the fluid flow further. On the other hand, although the twisted tube increases the pressure drop more than plain tube, the case with Y-tape drastically increases the friction factor. So, the thermal performance of twisted tube with insert is lower than empty twisted tube. Adding nanoparticles to the base fluid has different influence on the investigated cases. It augments the relative Nusselt number inside plain tube and empty twisted tube with slight increment in friction factor. Increasing the nanoparticles concentration enhances the heat transfer rates for these cases while it does not increase the relative Nusselt number inside twisted tube with Y-tape insert at high Reynolds number and nanoparticle concentration. Moreover, it can be found that twisted tube with or without Y-tape insert is more efficient at low Reynolds number in comparison with the plain tube.
The dielectric relaxation phenomena of rigid polar liquid molecules chloral and ethyltrichloroacetate (j) in benzene, n-hexane and n-heptane (i) under 4.2, 9.8 and 24.6 GHz electric fields at 30°C are studied to show the possible existence of double relaxation times τ2 and τ1 for rotations of the whole and the flexible parts of molecules. The probability of showing double relaxation is more in aliphatic solvents indicating their nonrigidity. The symmetric and asymmetric distribution parameters γ and δ are obtained from Xij′/X0ij and Xij″/X0ij and wj→0 where Xij′ and Xij″ are real and imaginary parts of the complex orientational susceptibility Xi* and X0ij is the low frequency susceptibility which is real. Xij’s are involved with the measured dielectric relative permittivities εij′, εin″, ε0ij and ε∞ij of solutions. The theoretical weighted contributions c1 and c2 towards dielectric dispersions by Fröhlich’s method are compared with the experimental ones obtained from the graphical variation of Xij′/X0ij and Xij″/X0ij with weight fractions wj’s at wj → 0. The measured dipole moments μ2 and μ1 of the whole and the flexible part of a polar molecule in terms of the linear coefficients β’s of Xij′’s with wj’s and the estimated τ2 and τ1 reveal their associations with aliphatic solvents. The theoretical dipole moments μtheo’s from the available bond angles and bond moments of the substituent polar groups of the molecules with the estimated μ’s suggest the mesomeric, inductive and electromeric effects in them under GHz electric field. 相似文献
The major reactant ion in conventional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is the hydronium ion, H3O+ which is produced in the usual ionization sources such as corona discharge or radioactive sources. Using the hydronium reactant ion, mostly the analytes with proton affinity higher than that of water are ionized. A broader range of compounds can be detected by IMS if other alternative ionization channels, such as charge transfer from NO+, are employed. In this work we introduce a simple and novel method for producing NO+ as the major reactant ion in IMS. This was achieved by adding neutral NO to the corona discharge ionization source. The neutral NO was prepared via an additional discharge in an air stream, flowing into the corona discharge source. A curtain plate was mounted in front of the corona discharge to prevent the influence of the analyte on the production of NO+. Using this technique, the reactant ion could easily and quickly switch between the H3O+ and NO+. The performance of the new source was evaluated by recording ion mobility spectra of test compounds with both H3O+ and NO+ reactant ions. 相似文献
Microwave absorption studies have been carried out on MgB2 superconductor using a standard X-band EPR spectrometer. The modulated low-field microwave absorption signals recorded for
polycrystalline (grain size ∼ 10 μm) samples suggested the absence of weak-link character. The field dependent direct microwave
absorption has been found to obey a ✓H dependence with two different slopes, which indicated a transition from strongly pinned lattice to flux flow regime. 相似文献
The 15 UD pelletron at NSC has been operational and performed well during the last 11 years. There have been major modifications
performed for upgradation of pelletron system over this period. Major upgradations which have been implemented are new resistor
network system for voltage gradient, doublet to singlet unit conversion for accelerator units, turbopump based gas stripper
system etc. In addition accelerator mass spectroscopy program has also been started. A new multi-cathode source, Wien filter
etc. have been procured and will be added soon in the system. An overview of the most significant upgradations undertaken
and other activities for the system are being reported in the present paper. 相似文献
Epitaxial La1−xPbxMnO3 (LPMO) thin films, grown on (100) SrTiO3 substrates by laser ablation technique at different temperatures between 600 and 850°C, have been characterized for electrical
and magnetic properties. The temperature dependence of resistivity showed that the metal-insulator transition temperature
(TMI) decreases with increasing substrate temperature, which has been attributed to decrease in Pb content in the filsm. The YBa2Cu3Ox/La1−xMnO3 heterostructures, exhibiting both superconductivity and ferromagnetism, have been fabricated. 相似文献
Resolution of binary mixtures of vitamin B12, methylcobalamin and B12 coenzyme with minimum sample pre-treatment and without analyte separation has been successfully achieved by methods of partial least squares algorithm with one dependent variable (PLS1), orthogonal signal correction/partial least squares (OSC/PLS), principal component regression (PCR) and hybrid linear analysis (HLA). Data of analysis were obtained from UV-vis spectra. The UV-vis spectra of the vitamin B12, methylcobalamin and B12 coenzyme were recorded in the same spectral conditions. The method of central composite design was used in the ranges of 10-80mgL(-1) for vitamin B12 and methylcobalamin and 20-130mgL(-1) for B12 coenzyme. The models refinement procedure and validation were performed by cross-validation. The minimum root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 2.26mgL(-1) for vitamin B12 with PLS1, 1.33mgL(-1) for methylcobalamin with OSC/PLS and 3.24mgL(-1) for B12 coenzyme with HLA techniques. Figures of merit such as selectivity, sensitivity, analytical sensitivity and LOD were determined for three compounds. The procedure was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of three compounds in synthetic mixtures and in a pharmaceutical formulation. 相似文献
With the aim of guaranteeing secure communication through public networks, three-factor password authentication (TF-PWA) scheme plays a key role in many internet applications. Since in TF-PWA scheme, the communicating entities can mutually authenticate each other and generate a shared session key, which will be used for secure exchange of messages in succeeding communication among them. As a result, the TF-PWA schemes gain enormous consideration in recent years. More recently, due to light-weight features of the extended chaotic map, it is also extensively applied in designing of public key encryption, key agreement, image encryption, S-box, hash function, digital signature, password authentication, etc. The aim of this paper was to design a dynamic identity-based three-factor password authentication scheme using extended chaotic map (ECM-TF-PWA) in the random oracle model. The proposed scheme is provably secure based on the intractability assumption of chaotic map-based Diffie–Hellman problem. The informal security analysis gives the evidence that our scheme protects all attacks and provides functionality attributes that are needed in a three-factor authentication system. Besides, the performance discussion shows that our scheme performs better than others in respect of computation and communication cost. 相似文献