CCR5 antagonists: 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acid analogues with potent anti-HIV activity

[reaction: see text] A novel approach to alpha,alpha-disubstituted-beta-amino acids (beta(2,2)-amino acids) was employed in the synthesis of a series of 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acids possessing high affinity for the CCR5 receptor and potent anti-HIV activity. The rat pharmacokinetics for these new analogues featured higher bioavailabilities and lower rates of clearance as compared to cyclopentane 1.     

Bio-Templated Chiral Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Enantioselective Chemoresistive Sensing

Chiral metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained rising attention as ordered nanoporous materials for enantiomer separations, chiral catalysis, and sensing. Among those, chiral MOFs are generally obtained through complex synthetic routes by using a limited choice of reactive chiral organic precursors as the primary linkers or auxiliary ligands. Here, we report a template-controlled synthesis of chiral MOFs from achiral precursors grown on chiral nematic cellulose-derived nanostructured bio-templates. We demonstrate that chiral MOFs, specifically, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), unc -[Zn(2-MeIm)₂, 2-MeIm=2-methylimidazole], can be grown from regular precursors within nanoporous organized chiral nematic nanocelluloses via directed assembly on twisted bundles of cellulose nanocrystals. The template-grown chiral ZIF possesses tetragonal crystal structure with chiral space group of P4₁, which is different from traditional cubic crystal structure of I-43 m for freely grown conventional ZIF-8. The uniaxially compressed dimensions of the unit cell of templated ZIF and crystalline dimensions are signatures of this structure. We observe that the templated chiral ZIF can facilitate the enantiotropic sensing. It shows enantioselective recognition and chiral sensing abilities with a low limit of detection of 39 μM and the corresponding limit of chiral detection of 300 μM for representative chiral amino acid, D- and L- alanine.     

A journey through quality control

The Euroanalysis VII conference in Vienna included a two-day session: Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry. The contributions comprised 15 lectures devoted to: intra-laboratory quality measures, inter-laboratory control, formal aspects and accreditation and implementation. The paper presents an overview of the main items developed by the contributors.A survey on the session on Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry of Euroanalysis VIIThe authors thank the organizers of EUROANALYSIS VII and in particular Dr. B. Griepink and Dr. E. Maier of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the CEC for their support and considerable contributions.     

Characterization of H3PO4/HNO3–NANO2 oxidized bacterial cellulose and its usage as a carrier for the controlled release of cephalexin

Biocompatibility, biodegradation, good sorption characteristics, and unique structure of highly oxidized bacterial cellulose (OBC) are of great interest for the development of new drug delivery systems. In this study, OBC with 9.6, 13.0 and 19.5% carboxyl groups for 5, 20, and 48 h of synthesis, respectively, was successfully obtained using the HNO₃/H₃PO₄–NaNO₂. The results of morphological analysis showed that with an increase in the number of carboxyl groups, OBC fibers become thicker and rougher. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the formation of carboxyl groups in the OBC after the oxidation reaction. The crystallinity of the samples according to X-Ray diffraction analysis decreased with increasing reaction time. The immobilization of cephalexin in the polymer matrix was studied in detail, it took 120 min to achieve balance in the solution with a concentration of 1 mg/ml, and the maximum amount of a sorbed antibiotic reached 43 mg/g. The drug release in vitro at 37 °C in PBS with pH 7.4 and 2.0 was prolonged. Various models were used to describe the release mechanism, the best of which was Ritger-Peppas with a diffusion exponent value ranging from 0.743 to 0.830, which explains the drug release mainly through non-Fickian diffusional release. The cephalexin-loaded OBC showed high antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The structure and properties of the resulting highly oxidized cellulose make it an excellent candidate as a drug delivery carrier with prolonged antimicrobial drug release characteristics.

     

A Novel Streptavidin–luciferase Fusion Protein: Preparation,Properties and Application in Hybridization Analysis of DNA

A streptavidin–luciferase fusion protein comprising the thermostable mutant form of firefly luciferase Luciola mingrelica and minimal core streptavidin was constructed. The streptavidin–luciferase fusion was mainly produced in a tetrameric form with high luciferase and biotin‐binding activities. It was shown that fusion has the same K_m values for ATP and luciferin and the bioluminescence spectra as initial luciferase. The linear dependence of the bioluminescence signal on the content of the fusion was observed within the range of 10^?18–10^?13 mol per well. Successful application of obtained fusion in a biospecific bioluminescence assay based on biotin–streptavidin interactions was demonstrated by the example of a specific DNA hybridization analysis. A DNA hybridization analysis for Escherichia coli cells identification was developed using unique for these cells gadB fragment encoding glutamate decarboxylase. The amplified biotinylated GadB fragments were hybridized with the immobilized oligonucleotide probes; then, the biotin in the DNA duplexes was detected using the streptavidin–luciferase fusion protein. To reach the high sensitivity of the assay, we optimized the conditions of the assay. It was shown that the use of Pluronic for plate modification resulted in a significant reduction in the DNA detection limit which finally was 0.4 ng per well.     

Nucleophilic reactivities of Schiff base derivatives of amino acids

Treatment of α-imino esters derived from glycine esters and benzophenone or benzaldehydes with potassium tert butoxide in DMSO gave persistent solutions of carbanions at 20?°C. The kinetics of their reactions with quinone methides and benzylidene malonates (reference electrophiles) have been followed photometrically under pseudo-first order conditions. The reactions followed second-order rate laws. Since addition of 18-crown-6 ether did not affect the reaction rates, the measured rate constants correspond to the reactions of the non-paired carbanions. Plots of the second-order rate constants against the electrophilicity parameters E of the electrophiles are linear, which allowed us to derive the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s_N, according to the linear Gibbs energy relationship lg k₂(20?°C)?=?s_N(N + E). The Ph₂C?=?N- and PhCH?=?N- groups act as very weak electron acceptors with the consequence that Ph₂C?=?N-CH^–-CO₂R and PhCH?=?N-CH^–-CO₂R have a similar nucleophilicity as Ph-CH^–-CO₂Et, the anion of ethyl phenylacetate.     

α-phosphoryl sulfoxides. X. A general synthesis of optically active α-chlorovinyl sulfoxides

A general and efficient synthesis of enantiomeric α-chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides 1 using (+)-(S)_C(S)_S-α-chloro-α-dimethoxyphosphorylmethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide as a key substrate for the Horner-Wittig reaction with carbonyl compounds is described. The ratio of geometrical isomers of 1 was determined and briefly investigated. The X-ray diffraction structures of (Z)-1-chloro-1-p-tolylsulfinyl-2-phenyl-ethene and (Z)-1-chloro-1-p-tolylsulfinyl-2-(2-thienyl)-ethene are reported.     

Ionic conduction in composite polymer electrolytes at subambient temperatures

The majority of investigations carried out on polymer(SINGLEBOND) salt systems have been on polyether electrolytes at moderate temperatures where such electrolytes exhibit macroscopic uniformity. Relatively little attention has been paid to the subambient temperature region where composite electrolytes based on polyethers exhibit much higher conductivities than their pure polyether electrolyte analogues. For all of the composite systems studied the conduction mechanism changes from one in which the ions are coupled to the polymer segmental relaxations to one in which the ions are decoupled and thermally activated ionic hopping produces higher conductivities than would be expected from ion-segmental coupling and higher than observed for the base polyether(SINGLEBOND) salt system. This change has been observed at temperatures between 10 and 80°C above the respective glass transition temperatures. The relationship between this interaction and these higher conductivities at subambient temperatures is explored and discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Anodic corrosion of gold in solutions of diaminoalkanes

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Examination of Polish Identity Documents by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the preliminary examination of Polish documents – passports and identity cards – for forensic purposes. Several security features of potentially high discrimination capability were selected at both the passports (Alphagram, serial number, the contour map of Europe, and emblem) and identity cards (kinegram, the date of birth, and emblem). Different elemental compositions were identified after comparing the spectra recorded from various measurement locations. It was possible to identify characteristic atomic emission from several elements (such as Ti, Ca, K, Fe, Cr, Mg, Na, La, Cd, Li, V, Al, Mn, Ni, and Cu) based on the type of document, issue date, and evaluated area. In the case of passports, the potentially good discriminators with unique elemental composition were identified, e.g., the serial number and the contour map of Europe printed with the use of intaglio printing technique. Identity cards with the cover of polycarbonate foil constitute a very difficult sample to analyze because of the foil’s influence on the laser ablation phenomenon. This study presents the potential of LIBS as an effective and useful technique to analyze Polish passports for forensic purposes. Its many advantages provide a good alternative to the analytical methods routinely used for the examination of these objects.