The generation and classification of tile-k-transitive tilings of the Euclidean plane,the sphere and the hyperbolic plane

Algorithms based on the theory of Delaney-Dress symbols are discussed that can be used to recursively produce all possible equivariant types of tile-k-transitive tilings of the Euclidean plane, the sphere and the hyperbolic plane, for any (reasonable)k. A number of results can be obtained using computer implementations of the algorithms.     

Etude des conditions d'accès au triazino-1,2,4-[4,5-b] indazole

1,2,4-Triazino[4,5-b]indazol-1(2H)one and its derivatives were prepared by transposition of 3-[2-(-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl)]indazole or by ring closure of indazole ethoxymethylidenehydrazides. The synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l,2,4-triazino[4,5-b]indazole-1,4-dione was achieved by cyclising the N-carbethoxyhydrazide of indazole-3-carboxylic acid and the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazino-[4,5-b]indazol-4(3H)one was made by cyclising the N-carbethoxy-hydrazone of indazole-3-carboxaldehyde. The Oxydation of 1,2,4-triazino[4,5-b]indazole-l(2H)thione gave 1,2,4-triazino-[4,5-b]indazoles. Nmr spectral data are reported.     

Two unexpected effects concerning perturbations of the B3Π0u+ state of molecular iodine

We present in this paper two new effects observed in the state of molecular iodine: a very high diamagnetic correction in the vibrational level υ′ = 62 and an important orientation of the optically excited molecules due to predissociation. Both effects can be interpreted by taking into consideration the perturbation of the B state by other electronic states.     

Studies on the preparation and exchange reactions of 5-deuterated uracils

The mechanism of base catalyzed proton exchange at the 5-position of uracil and its N-methylated derivatives has been studied. These reactions proceed by addition — elimination across the 5,6-double bond when the 1-nitrogen is substituted with a methyl group, or with anchimeric assistance of the N-1 anion if the 1-position is unsubstituted. The base catalyzed hydrolyses of 1,3-dimethyluracil and 3-methyluracil also appear to proceed through hydrated intermediates. A facile method for an acid catalyzed preparation of 5-deuterated uracils is described as well as a simple and accurate method for analysis of deuterium content.     

Mechanism of the aromatic hydroxylation of thiophene by acid-catalyzed peracid oxidation

The oxidation of thiophene (1) with peracids in a strongly acidic environment yielded thiophen-2-one (4) as the product of an apparent direct hydroxylation of the thiophene aromatic ring together with the anticipated thiophene-S-oxide dimers, 2a,b, as the main products. Formation of the latter dimers can be rationalized in a straightforward manner by initial oxidation at the sulfur atom of thiophene (1) to yield thiophene-S-oxide followed by subsequent dimerization in a Diels-Alder type reaction. Trapping experiments in the presence of a competing dienophile indicated that thiophen-2-one (4) did not originate from the monomeric thiophene-S-oxide but was the product of an independent reaction pathway. The extent of thiophen-2-one (4) formation correlated with the acidity of the reaction medium and was suppressed in the presence of water, the latter presumably acting as a competing base. As evidenced by the use of 2,5-dideuterated thiophene (1-D), its mechanism of formation involved a 1,2-hydride shift, a feature commonly described in the peracid-mediated epoxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and indicative for the occurrence of cationic intermediates. In agreement with all these observations we propose a mechanism involving initial protonation of thiophene followed by nucleophilic attack of the peracid in position 2 of the thiophene ring. Intramolecular epoxidation may lead to the formation of thiophene 2,3-epoxide as a highly reactive intermediate that then undergoes heterolytic ring opening and a 1,2-hydride shift to yield thiophen-2-one (4) after a final, acid-catalyzed, isomerization of the double bond.     

Determination of zinc,cadmium, lead and copper in sea water by means of computerized potentiometric stripping analysis

Water samples from the Arctic Sea were analyzed by the potentiometric stripping technique. Lead(II) and cadmium(II) were determined after pre-electrolysis for 32 min at—1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the detection limits being 0.06 and 0.04 nM, respectively. Zinc(II) was determined after the addition of gallium(III) by pre-electrolysis for 16 min at —1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the detection limit being 0.25 nM. Problems in the determination of copper(II) at the very low concentrations found in oceanic waters are outlined. The average zinc(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) concentrations in eight different samples were 2.5, 0.16 and 0.10 nM as determined by potentiometric stripping analysis and 1.9, 0.16 and 0.09 nM as determined by solvent extraction/atomic absorption spectrometry. The advantages of this computerized technique for the analysis of sea water are discussed.     

Atomic beam scattering from single crystal surfaces

Application of atom-scattering to a variety of surface problems is expanding rapidly, owing in large part to the extreme surface- sensitivity of this probe. Helium is particularly useful because of its low mass and chemical inertness. Beams with velocity spreads of less than one percent and wavelength of the order of one Angstrom can be formed by nozzle expansion.

The scattered flux from a clean, well-ordered crystal surface contains elastic and inelastic, coherent and incoherent, components. The coherent elastic component (i.e., the specular and diffracted beams) contains information about the crystallographic structure of the outer- most atomic layer of the crystal and about the interaction potential between the crystal and the scattered particle. The latter manifests itself in the form of resonances between the incoming free-particle state, and the two-dimensional Bloch states bound in the potential well at the surface. Elastic scattering theory has reached the point where the resonance signatures in the various diffracted beams can be predicted accurately.

Crystallographic information resides in the diffracted beam intensities. Theoretical interpretation is less well advanced, though some progress has been made with “hard-wall” models. Experimental studies of reconstructed surfaces and chemisorbed overlayers appear very promising.

In inelastic scattering, energy resolution has been achieved by both time-of-flight and diffraction methods. High-resolution studies on alkali halide surfaces have led to experimental determination of Rayleighwave dispersion relations over the full Brillouin zone. Preliminary results have also been obtained on some metals.     

High-resolution field desorption mass spectrometry: Part VII. Explosives and Explosive Mixtures4

Standard explosives and technical mixtures of explosives have been investigated by field desorption mass spectrometry. The compounds investigated gave intense molecular ions or protonated molecules and structurally significant fragmentation. For comparison, the corresponding electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry data are reported. Emission-controlled field desorption, photographic detection, and accurate mass measurements enabled the components of the technical mixtures to be identified. An example of the determination of an additive in a technical product by field desorption mass spectrometry and stable isotope dilution is given. The use of these techniques for quality control of explosives and for forensic investigations appears to be promising.