Electron attenuation lengths in fullerene and fullerides

Using X-ray photoemission measurements, we have determined the attenuation length of C 1s photoelectrons in C₆₀ film to be 21.5 Å with the incident photon energy of Mg Kα radiation. The inelastic mean free path calculated with the TPP-2M algorithm coincides fairly well with the experimentally determined attenuation length, indicating the validity of the algorithm to fullerene and fullerides. The inelastic mean free paths for some fullerides, i.e. K₃C₆₀, K₆C₆₀, Ba₄C₆₀, Sm_2.75C₆₀ and Sm₆C₆₀ are calculated to help the quantitative analyses of the photoemission spectra for these compounds.     

Synthesis, structure and optical properties of Eu/TiO2 nanocrystals at room temperature

The nanocrystal samples of titanium dioxide doped with europium ion (Eu³⁺/TiO₂ nanocrystal) are synthesized by the sol-gel method with hydrothermal treatment. The Eu³⁺ contents (molar ratio) in the samples are 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. The X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy data and scanning electron microscope image show that crystallite size is reduced by the doping of Eu³⁺ into TiO₂. Comparing the Raman spectra of TiO₂ with Eu³⁺/TiO₂ (molar ratio Eu³⁺/TiO₂=1%, 2% and 4%) nanocrystals at different annealing temperatures indicates that the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation temperatures of Eu³⁺/TiO₂ nanocrystals are higher than that of TiO₂. This is due to the formation of Eu-O-Ti bonds on the surface of the TiO₂ crystallite, as characterized by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photoluminescence spectra of TiO₂ in Eu³⁺/TiO₂ nanocrystals are interpreted by the surface self-trapped and defect-trapped exciton relaxation. The photoluminescence of Eu³⁺ in Eu³⁺/TiO₂ nanocrystals has the strongest emission intensity at 2% of Eu³⁺ concentration.     

Constructions of External Difference Families and Disjoint Difference Families

External difference families (EDFs) are a type of new combinatorial designs originated from cryptography. In this paper, some earlier ideas of recursive and cyclotomic constructions of combinatorial designs are extended, and a number of classes of EDFs and disjoint difference families are presented. A link between a subclass of EDFs and a special type of (almost) difference sets is set up.     

Spin-transfer switching in MgO magnetic tunnel junction nanostructures

Spin-transfer driven switching was observed in MgO based magnetic tunnelling junctions (MTJ) with tunnelling magnetoresistance ratio of up to 160% and the average intrinsic switching current density (J_c0) down to 2 MA/cm², which are the best known results reported in spin-transfer switched MTJ nanostructures. Based on a comparison of results both from MgO and AlO_x MTJs, further switching current decrease via MgO dual structures with two pinned layers is discussed.     

具有消息恢复的数字签名方案的一个注记

对具有消息恢复的数字签名方案提出了两种攻击方法.此外,对原方案进行了改进,通过对改进方案的安全性分析得出结论:改进方案比原方案更安全,并且消息恢复过程只需要计算一次大数模幂乘和两次单向函数.     

森林发展系统的一个非线性半离散模型

本文建立了森林发展系统的一类非线性林龄面积结构的半离散模型 ,并讨论了半离散系统解的存在唯一性 ,给出了线性半离散系统稳定的一些充分条件     

The solvable radical of Sylow factorizable groups

Let G be a finite group. A complete Sylow product of G is a product of Sylow subgroups of G, one for each prime divisor of |G|. We shall call G a Sylow factorizable group if it is equal to at least one of its complete Sylow products. We prove that if G is a Sylow factorizable group then the intersection of all complete Sylow products of G is equal to the solvable radical of G. We generalize the concepts and the result to Sylow products which involve an arbitrary subset of the prime divisors of |G|. Received: 26 January 2005     

Interior point cutting plane method for optimal power flow

In this paper, an interior point cutting plane method (IPCPM)is applied to solve optimal power flow (OPF) problems. Comparedwith the simplex cutting plane method (SCPM), the IPCPM is simpler,and efficient because of its polynomial-time characteristic.Issues in implementing IPCPM for OPF problems are addressed,including (1) how to generate cutting planes without using thesimplex tableau, (2) how to identify the basis variables inIPCPM, and (3) how to generate mixed integer cutting planes.The calculation speed of the proposed algorithm is further enhancedby utilizing the sparsity features of the OPF formulation. Numericalsimulations on IEEE 14-300-bus test systems have shown thatthe proposed method is effective.