锂-空气电池性能的影响因素及研究进展

锂-空气电池理论比能量高达3622 Wh·kg^-1(设阴极还原产物为Li₂O₂), 远超过目前已有的任何电池, 有希望成为新一代的二次电池. 然而, 目前其实用化研究还处于探索阶段, 在其商用之前还有许多工作要做. 对影响锂-空气电池性能的因素以及近期的研究进展进行综述, 总结了阴极材料的组成和微观结构、电解质的种类及组成、阴极疏水膜、电池结构设计、电池的组装及充、放电的工艺过程等对电池比能量、比容量以及循环性能等的影响, 概述了锂-空气电池的表征手段, 并对锂-空气电池的应用前景进行了展望.     

Tooth enamel proteins enamelin and amelogenin cooperate to regulate the growth morphology of octacalcium phosphate crystals

To examine the hypothetical cooperative role of enamelin and amelogenin in controlling the growth morphology of enamel crystals in the post-secretory stage, we applied a cation selective membrane system for the growth of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in the truncated recombinant porcine amelogenin (rP148) with and without the 32kDa enamelin fragment. Enamelin alone inhibited the growth in the c-axis direction more than rP148, yielding OCP crystals with the smallest aspect ratio of all conditions tested. When enamelin was added to the amelogenin "gel-like matrix", the inhibitory action of the protein mixture on the growth of OCP in the c-axis direction was diminished, while that in the b-axis direction was increased. As a result, the length to width ratio (aspect ratio) of OCP crystal was markedly increased. Addition of enamelin to amelogenin enhanced the potential of amelogenin to stabilize the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) transient phase. The ratio of enamelin and amelogenin was crucial for stabilization of ACP and the growth of OCP crystals with larger aspect ratio. The cooperative regulatory action of enamelin and amelogenin was attained, presumably, through co-assembling of enamelin and amelogenin. These results have important implications in understanding the growth mechanism of enamel crystals with large aspect ratio.     

茂县大骨节病病区水化学特征

茂县大骨节病区分布具有明显的地域特点,考察了当地地质环境概况,同时对该区地表水、地下水取样,对常量组分、腐殖酸、微量组分进行了分析,阐述了该区的水化学特征。     

直接法合成ZSM—5型分子筛的物理化学表征

用高分辨~(29)Si、~(27)Al和~(23)Na NMR对直接法合成的不同硅铝比ZSM-5型分子筛局域结构作了表征,用~(29)Si和~(27)Al魔角旋转核磁共振研究了经不同温度水蒸气处理ZSM-5型分子筛的骨架脱铝,对不同条件下ZSM-5型分子筛中发生的正交-单斜晶型变化进行了系统的X射线衍射实验研究。     

基于等离激元热电子调控的全谱光催化产氢增强（英文）

等离激元效应在光催化体系中的集成为实现广谱光吸收提供了一个新的途径,然而等离激元热电子的较低迁移率和不确定扩散方向使得其光催化效率仍较低.等离激元金属与n型半导体接触后,其界面间会形成肖特基结.在特定波长太阳光照射下,等离激元金属将其表面等离子体能量聚集在表面自由电子上,进而产生热电子.当这些热电子具有的能量高于肖特基势垒时,热电子便可注入到半导体导带上.与此同时,半导体上的电子可以通过肖特基接触发生回流,与金属上的空穴复合,进而降低半导体-等离激元金属复合材料的光催化性能.因此,为了提高光催化效率,如何调控等离激元热电子迁移和充分利用等离激元效应是一个重要挑战.本文尝试将"表面异质结"与肖特基结相结合的复合结构,得以有效地调控等离激元热电子的迁移.在该复合结构中,金纳米颗粒和铂纳米颗粒分别作为等离激元吸光单元和助催化剂,集成在TiO_2纳米片表面.其中"表面异质结"是由TiO_2纳米片的两种不同表面晶面所构成,我们选择由{001}和{101}两组晶面组成的TiO_2纳米片作为半导体衬底.该结构中的{001}晶面导带能级高于{101}导带能级,因而电子由高能级的{001}流向低能级的{101}晶面,可以用来引导等离激元热电子从可见光响应的金纳米颗粒向TiO_2进行高效转移.通过巯基丙酸的桥联作用,将等离激元Au纳米颗粒锚定在TiO_2纳米片的{001}晶面上,获得Au-TiO_2{001}样品.另一方面,利用TiO_2纳米片自身光生电荷导向性光沉积,得到与{101}晶面结合形成的Au-TiO_2{101}样品.我们对两组样品进行光电流和光催化产氢实验对比,确认在"表面异质结"诱导下Au-TiO_2{001}样品中Au产生的光生热电子可以更好地注入到TiO_2纳米片导带上.我们进一步通过光沉积Pt纳米颗粒来判定光生电子所能到达的区域,验证了以上结论.与此同时,肖特基结由铂纳米颗粒与TiO_2纳米片所形成,可以促使电子由TiO_2向铂纳米颗粒进行转移,而避免发生向金纳米颗粒的反向迁移,从而在Au-TiO_2体系中实现高效的单向载流子转移.基于该设计,等离激元光催化剂实现了明显改善的全谱光催化产氢性能.本文为全谱光催化的复合结构理性设计提供了一个新的思路.     

工艺因素对离子束增强沉积氮化硅薄膜组成与结构的影响

本世纪８０年代以来，利用各种表面技术陶瓷材料涂覆于金属零件表面的研究发展很快，离子束增强沉积技术以其突出的优点更受到重视，利用这种技术合成陶瓷薄膜是一种新的物理气相沉积方法，而沉积薄膜的质量，性能和成膜速度都会受到工艺因素的影响，由于氮化硅陶瓷的硬度高，韧性和高温稳定性都比较好，是一种相当理想的耐磨材料，且其还有一定的自润滑性，因此，着重研究了氮离子束流和束压，氮离子与硅原子在基片上的达比，以及不     

Synthesis and properties of thermoplastic polyimides with ether and ketone moieties

A series of polyimides containing ether and ketone moieties were synthesized from 1,3‐bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl) benzene and several commercially available dianhydrides via a conventional two‐step polymerization. The inherent viscosities of Polyamide acids ranged from 0.46 to 0.73 dL/g. Thermal properties, mechanical properties, and thermalplasticity of the obtained polimide films were investigated by focusing on the chemical structures of their repeat units. These films were amorphous, flexible, and transparent. All films displayed low T_gs (184–225 °C) but also excellent thermal stability, the 5% weight loss temperature was up to 542 °C under nitrogen. The films showed outstanding mechanical properties with the modulus up to 3.0 GPa and the elongation at break in the range of 8–160%. The uniaxial stretching of PI‐a at high temperature was studied owing to its excellent flexibility. The PI‐a had an elongation at break up to 1600% at 245 °C and the uniaxially stretched film exhibited a much higher modulus (3.9 GPa) and strength (240 MPa) than undrawn film. The results indicated that PI‐a can potentially be used to prepare materials such as fiber, ultra‐thin film or ultra‐high modulus film. All the obtained films also demonstrated excellent thermoplasticity (drop of E′ at T_g > 10³) which made the polyimides more suitable for melt processing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2878–2884, 2010     

Origin differentiation of heroin sample and its acetylating agent with (13)C isotope ratio mass spectrometry

A novel method for deducing the origins of heroin and the reagent used for acetylation was established based on delta(13)C determinations of heroin and its hydrolysate, morphine, using gas chromatography (13)C isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The alkaline and acid hydrolysis conditions of heroin were optimized. Both yield and purity of morphine produced could meet the requirement for a GC-C-IRMS analysis. Using (2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2- diphenylvalerate) as internal standard the determinations of heroin and morphine contents were performed with a GC method in a linear range of 0.2 to 2.0 mg ml(1) that was required to gain the isotope ratio results. The hydrolysis and synthesis of heroin did not change the delta(13)C value of morphine. The precision for delta(13)C detection of both heroin and morphine was sufficient for origin differentiation of heroin samples. The information about the origins of acetylation reagents could be deduced from the difference of delta(13)C values between heroin and morphine. The results for origin differentiation of 10 heroin samples grouped into different regions and their acetylating agents were satisfactory.     

准分子激光在YBa_2Cu_3O_（7－x）靶面激励等离子体的角分布研究

用光学光谱分析仪测量了ＸｅＣｌ准分子激光在ＹＢａ_２Ｃｕ_３Ｏ_７－ｘ超导靶面激励等离子体发射谱的轴向和径向分布，并由等离子体发射谱的径向分布拟合得到等离子体中激发态粒子的角分布．结果表明激光等离子体呈现ｃｏｓθ分布，ｎ值范围为２．７８到７．６３之间，且随激光能量密度和背景氧压增大而增大．离子的ｎ值明显高于原子的ｎ值．     

用激光干涉法诊断准分子激光在YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)靶面激励等离子体的电子密度

利用激光标准干涉法诊断了准分子激光(XeCl,308 nm)在YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-σ)超导靶面激励等离子体的电子密度.结果表明在入射激光功率密度为3×10~8W/cm~2,本底真空度为1.33～13.3 Pa的条件下,等离子体电子密度为10~(16)～10~(17)/cm~3.