β‐Functionalization of Carboxylic Anhydrides with β‐Alkyl Substituents through Carbene Organocatalysis

The first NHC‐catalyzed functionalization of carboxylic anhydrides is described. In this reaction, the β carbon behaves as a nucleophilic carbon and undergoes asymmetric reactions with electrophiles. Anhydrides with challenging β‐alkyl substituents work effectively.     

Nucleophile‐Dependent Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring Opening of 1‐Azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Tosylate

1‐[(1R)‐(1‐Phenylethyl)]‐1‐azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane tosylate was generated as a stable bicyclic aziridinium salt from the corresponding 2‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)aziridine upon reaction with p‐toluenesulfonyl anhydride. This bicyclic aziridinium ion was then treated with various nucleophiles including halides, azide, acetate, and cyanide in CH₃CN to afford either piperidines or pyrrolidines through regio‐ and stereoselective ring opening, mediated by the characteristics of the applied nucleophile. On the basis of DFT calculations, ring‐opening reactions under thermodynamic control yield piperidines, whereas reactions under kinetic control can yield both piperidines and pyrrolidines depending on the activation energies for both pathways.     

Activation of Open‐Cage Fullerenes with Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters

Reactions of the open‐cage fullerene C₆₃NO₂(Py)(Ph)₂ ( 1 ) with [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] produce [Ru₃(CO)₈(μ,η⁵‐C₆₃NO₂(Py)(Ph)₂)] ( 2 ), [Ru₂H(CO)₃(μ,η⁷‐C₆₃N(Py)(Ph)(C₆H₄))] ( 3 ), and [Ru(CO)(Py)₂₍η³‐C₆₃NO₂(Py)(Ph)₂)] ( 4 ), in which the orifice sizes are modified from 12 to 8, 11, and 15‐membered ring, through ruthenium‐mediated C?O and C?C bond activation and formation.     

Phosphorescent Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes That Contain Substituted 2‐Acetylbenzo[b]thiophen‐3‐olate Ligand for Red Organic Light‐Emitting Devices

We report the synthesis of a new class of thermally stable and strongly luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes 1 – 6 , which contain the 2‐acetylbenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐olate (bt) ligand, and their application in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). These heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes with bt as the ancillary ligand have a decomposition temperature that is 10–20 % higher and lower emission self‐quenching constants than those of their corresponding complexes with acetylacetonate (acac). The luminescent color of these iridium(III) complexes could be fine‐tuned from orange (e.g., 2‐phenyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazole (cf₃bta) for 4 ) to pure red (e.g., lpt (Hlpt=4‐methyl‐2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinolone) for 6 ) by varying the cyclometalating ligands (C‐deprotonated C^N). In particular, highly efficient OLEDs based on 6 as dopant (emitter) and 1,3‐bis(carbazol‐9‐yl)benzene (mCP) as host that exhibit stable red emission over a wide range of brightness with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.67, 0.33) well matched to the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard have been fabricated along with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current efficiency of 9 % and 10 cd A^?1, respectively. A further 50 % increase in EQE (>13 %) by replacing mCP with bis[4‐(6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoxalin‐6‐yl)phenyl]diphenylsilane (BIQS) as host for 6 in the red OLED is demonstrated. The performance of OLEDs fabricated with 6 (i.e., [(lpt)₂Ir(bt)]) was comparable to that of the analogous iridium(III) complex that bore acac (i.e., [(lpt)₂Ir(acac)]; 6 a in this work) [Adv. Mater.­ 2011 , 23, 2981] fabricated under similar conditions. By using ntt (Hnnt=3‐hydroxynaphtho[2,3‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)(thiophen‐2‐yl)methanone) ligand, a substituted derivative of bt, the [(cf₃bta)₂Ir(ntt)] was prepared and found to display deep red emission at around 700 nm with a quantum yield of 12 % in mCP thin film.     

A Filled‐Honeycomb‐Structured Crystal Formed by Self‐Assembly of a Janus Polyoxometalate–Silsesquioxane (POM–POSS) Co‐Cluster

Clusters with diverse structures and functions have been used to create novel cluster‐assembled materials (CAMs). Understanding their self‐assembly process is a prerequisite to optimize their structure and function. Herein, two kinds of unlike organo‐functionalized inorganic clusters are covalently linked by a short organic tether to form a dumbbell‐shaped Janus co‐cluster. In a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and water, it self‐assembles into a crystal with a honeycomb superstructure constructed by hexagonal close‐packed cylinders of the smaller cluster and an orderly arranged framework of the larger cluster. Reconstruction of these structural features via coarse‐grained molecular simulations demonstrates that the cluster crystallization and the nanoscale phase separation between the two incompatible clusters synergistically result in the unique nano‐architecture. Overall, this work opens up new opportunities for generating novel CAMs for advanced future applications.     

Highly dispersed palladium nanoclusters incorporated in amino‐functionalized silica spheres for the selective hydrogenation of succinic acid to γ‐butyrolactone

Highly dispersed palladium nanoclusters incorporated on amino‐functionalized silica sphere surfaces (Pd/SiO₂‐NH₂) were fabricated by a simple one‐pot synthesis utilizing 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS) as coordinating agent. Uniform palladium nanoclusters with an average size of 1.1 nm can be obtained during the co‐condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and AAPTS owing to the strong interaction between palladium species and amino groups in AAPTS. The palladium particle size can be controlled by addition of AAPTS and plays a significant role in the catalytic performance. The Pd/SiO₂‐NH₂ catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for succinic acid hydrogenation with 100% conversion and 94% selectivity towards γ‐butyrolactone using 1,4‐dioxane as solvent at 240°C and 60 bar for 4 h. Moreover, the Pd/SiO₂‐NH₂ catalyst is robust and readily reusable without loss of its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gold Nanorod–Photosensitizer Complex Obtained by Layer‐by‐Layer Method for Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy In Vitro

Gold nanorod (GNR)–photosensitizer (PS) complex was prepared using anionic PS (sodium salt of purpurin‐18) and cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) by layer‐by‐layer method, and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential. The GNR–PS complex is a promising agent for synergistic (photothermal and photodynamic) therapy (PTT/PDT), in which PTT generates heat as well as operates the PS release which maximize the following PDT activity. The combined dual therapy, PTT followed by PDT, exhibits a significantly higher photocytotoxicity result based on synergistic effect of hyperthermia from PTT as well as singlet oxygen photogeneration from PDT.     

二维红外相关光谱在双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系中的应用

利用原位红外加热炉模拟双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系的固化反应过程,实时测试并记录反应过程中官能团结构的变化;将一维红外光谱和二维红外光谱相结合进行分析,给出固化过程中各官能团的变化顺序和趋势。 在双氰胺固化环氧树脂体系中,双氰胺首先分解成氰基胺,然后再和环氧树脂发生开环加成反应,生成亚胺结构,通过重排生成酰胺结构。 双氰胺分解为氰基胺的反应是可逆反应。 将原位红外、一维红外与二维红外三者结合是阐明热固性树脂固化反应机理的非常有效的手段。     

可再生型高价碘试剂亚碘酰二内酯在高效醇氧化中的应用研究

利用商品化的高价碘试剂亚碘酰二内酯(Iodosodilactone)作为最终氧化剂, 配合催化量的氮氧自由基2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)和当量的4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)所组成的反应体系可以将含有不同官能团的伯醇快速高效地氧化为相应的醛且不会发生过度氧化; 将反应体系中的催化剂换为空间位阻较小的氮氧自由基1-甲基-2-金刚烷氮氧自由基(1-Me-AZADO)则可以将仲醇高效地氧化为相应的酮. 值得指出的是, 反应结束后Iodosodilactone的还原态2-碘-间苯二甲酸和DMAP可以通过简单的过滤及酸碱中和处理进行回收, Iodosodilactone的再生可通过用次氯酸钠/盐酸体系氧化2-碘-间苯二甲酸来高效实现.     

Monodisperse AgSbS2 Nanocrystals: Size‐Control Strategy,Large‐Scale Synthesis,and Photoelectrochemistry

We report an efficient approach to the synthesis of AgSbS₂ nanocrystals (NCs) by colloidal chemistry. The size of the AgSbS₂ NCs can be tuned from 5.3 to 58.3 nm with narrow size distributions by selection of appropriate precursors and fine control of the experimental conditions. Over 15 g of high‐quality AgSbS₂ NCs can be obtained from one single reaction, indicative of the up‐scalability of the present synthesis. The resulting NCs display strong absorptions in the visible‐to‐NIR range and exceptional air stability. The photoelectrochemical measurements indicate that, although the pristine AgSbS₂ NC electrodes generate a cathodic photocurrent with a relatively small photocurrent density and poor stability, both of them can be significantly improved subject to CdS surface modification, showing promise in solar energy conversion applications.