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11.
The response of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) devices depends critically on the film microstructure, with parameters such
as layer thickness and interfacial abruptness being crucial. This paper presents results obtained using high resolution electron
microscopy (HREM), chemical mapping and atom probe microanalysis. Local variations in the magnetic properties are induced
by the microstructure and also when the films are patterned to form small elements. These lead to changes in the magnetization
reversal mechanism. Some results of the studies of the magnetization reversal carried out using in situ in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) magnetizing experiments are also included. 相似文献
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The flow behind a vibrating flexible cable at low Reynolds numbers can exhibit complex wake structures such as lace-like patterns,
vortex dislocations and frequency cells. These structures have been observed in experiments and numerical simulations, and
are predicted by a previously developed low-order coupled map lattice (CML). The discrete (in time and space) CML models consist
of a series of diffusively coupled circle map oscillators along the cable span. Motivated by a desire to modify the complex
wake patterns behind flexible vibrating cables we have studied the addition of control terms into the highly efficient CML
models and explored the resulting dynamics. Proportional, adaptive proportional and discontinuous non-linear (DNL) control
methods were used to derive the control laws. The first method employed occasional proportional feedback. The adaptive method
used spatio-temporal feedback control. The DNL method used a discontinuous feedback linearization procedure, and the controller
was designed for the resulting linearized system using eigenvalue assignment. These techniques were applied to a modeled vortex
dislocation structure in the wake of a vibrating cable in uniform freestream flow. Parallel shedding patterns were achieved
for a range of forcing frequency-forcing amplitude combinations studied to validate the control theory. The adaptive proportional
and DNL methods were found to be more effective than the proportional control method due to the incorporation of a spatially
varying feedback gain across the cylinder span. The DNL method was found to be the most efficient controller of the low-order
CML model. The required control level across the cable span was correlated to the 1/1 lock-on behavior of the temporal circle
map. 相似文献
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Christopher R. Anderton Bita Vaezian Kaiyan Lou Jessica F. Frisz Mary L. Kraft 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2012,44(3):322-333
Principal component analysis (PCA) of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) data enables differentiating structurally similar molecules according to linear combinations of multiple peaks in their spectra. However, in order to use PCA to correctly identify variations in lipid composition between samples, the discrimination achieved must be based on chemical differences that are related to the lipid species, and not sample‐associated contamination. Here, we identify the positive‐ion TOF‐SIMS peaks that are related to phosphatidylcholine lipid headgroups and tail groups by PCA of spectra acquired from lipid isotopologs. We demonstrate that restricting PCA to a contaminant‐free lipid‐related peak set reduces the variability in the spectra acquired from lipid samples that is due to contaminants, which enhanced differentiating different lipid standards, but adversely affected the contrast in PC scores images of phase‐separated lipid membranes. We also show that PCA of a restricted data set consisting of the peaks related to lipids and amino acids increases the likelihood that the discrimination of TOF‐SIMS data acquired from intact cells is based on differences in the lipids and proteins on the cell surface, and not sample‐specific contamination without compromising sample discrimination. We expect that the lipid‐related peak database established herein will facilitate interpreting the TOF‐SIMS data and PCA results from studies of both model and cellular membranes, and enhance identifying the origins of the peaks that contribute to discriminating different types of cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Dragomir Z. DJ Okovic Kaming Zhao 《Transactions of the American Mathematical Society》1998,350(2):643-664
Generalized Witt algebras, over a field of characteristic , were defined by Kawamoto about 12 years ago. Using different notations from Kawamoto's, we give an essentially equivalent definition of generalized Witt algebras over , where the ingredients are an abelian group , a vector space over , and a map which is linear in the first variable and additive in the second one. In this paper, the derivations of any generalized Witt algebra
, with the right kernel of being , are explicitly described; the isomorphisms between any two simple generalized Witt algebras are completely determined; and the second cohomology group for any simple generalized Witt algebra is computed. The derivations, the automorphisms and the second cohomology groups of some special generalized Witt algebras have been studied by several other authors as indicated in the references.
, with the right kernel of being , are explicitly described; the isomorphisms between any two simple generalized Witt algebras are completely determined; and the second cohomology group for any simple generalized Witt algebra is computed. The derivations, the automorphisms and the second cohomology groups of some special generalized Witt algebras have been studied by several other authors as indicated in the references.
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