核电池概述及展望

核电池具有能量密度高、工作稳定可靠、无需人工干预等优点,在需要长期稳定供电的场合具有独特优势,其中热转换式核电池(RTG)是技术最为成熟且应用最早的一类,而β辐射伏特效应核电池已有商业化案例。目前,在β辐射伏特效应核电池研究中存在着放射源自吸收效应浪费能量、转化效率低、换能器件辐射损伤严重等问题,而对于一个实际的核电池,由于放射源自身不断衰变的属性,导致源的成分及其活度随着时间而发生变化,最终影响核电池的电学性能,其影响程度需要加以深入研究。本文以时间轴的形式对核电池的发展进行了全面回顾,简要介绍多种主流类型核电池的原理和应用范围;对于β辐射伏特效应核电池,指出放射源的自吸收是其中的关键科学问题。对于使用63Ni和TiT₂放射源的核电池,给出了其电学性能随时间变化的规律;指出对于某一特定结构的β辐射伏特效应核电池设计,在前期的模拟优化环节中,精细计算是至关重要的;最后提出了将放射源与换能材料相结合、使用含有较重同位素的换能器件的设想,这些设想有利于解决放射源自吸收问题、提高核电池输出功率和减轻辐射损伤的影响。     

利用改进的Gamow-like模型研究原子核的α衰变和质子放射性

通过引入离心势和静电屏蔽效应对Gamow-like模型进行了改进,并将其用于α衰变和质子放射性研究,发现改进的Gamow-like模型能更好地符合实验数据。另外,还利用改进的Gamow-like模型预言了16个丰质子核的质子放射性的半衰期以及7个$Z=120$超重核素($^{296-308}120$)α衰变链上原子核的α衰变的半衰期,为将来在大科学装置上合成和鉴别这些新核素提供重要的理论参考。     

Optical Trapping with Focused Surface Waves

Near-field optical trapping can be realized with focused evanescent waves that are excited at the water–glass interface due to the total internal reflection, or with focused plasmonic waves excited on the water–gold interface. Herein, the performance of these two kinds of near-field optical trapping techniques is compared using the same optical microscope configuration. Experimental results show that only a single-micron polystyrene bead can be trapped by the focused evanescent waves, whereas many beads are simultaneously attracted to the center of the excited region by focused plasmonic waves. This difference in trapping behavior is analyzed from the electric field intensity distributions of these two kinds of focused surface waves and the difference in trapping behavior is attributed to photothermal effects due to the light absorption by the gold film.     

A solvent-governed surface state strategy for rational synthesis of N and S co-doped carbon dots with multicolour fluorescence

ABSTRACT

Multicolour emissive carbon dots (CDs) are widely investigated by virtue of their merits on fluorescent properties. Method on heteroatom doping assisted with various solvents has been proved efficient in achieving multiple-colour-emissive CDs, especially long-wavelength emission. Herein, a synthesis of multicolour-emissive CDs by controlled surface function is reported. By tuning the thermal-pyrolysis temperature and molar ratio of reactants, optimal emission of the resulted CDs gradually shifts from blue to yellow light with the assistance of different solvents. According to the emissive relationship dependent on excitation, fluorescence lifetimes, and FT-IR of these CDs, the different surface states participated with S and N elements on the surface of carbogenic core govern fluorescent colours of the CDs. In terms of the applications, blue CDs (B-CDs) exhibits high sensitivity for ion detections of Ag⁺ and Fe³⁺, which is further illustrated to have different quenching mechanisms each other because that these ions have the affinity interaction with different surface groups of the CDs. Moreover, blue and yellow CDs solutions are mixed with PVP water solution to fabricate white-light CDs/PVP film, which exhibits stable fluorescence with a CIE coordinate of (0.32, 0.33) and endows these CDs as potentially fluorescent nanomaterial in the solid state lighting field.     

Can (H2O) n (n = 1–2) as effective catalysts in the CH2OO + H2S reaction under tropospheric conditions?

The addition reaction of CH₂OO?+?H₂S → HSCH₂OOH without and with catalyst X (X?=?H₂O and (H₂O)₂) has been investigated by CCSD(T)-F12a/VTZ-F12//B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ method and canonical variational transition state theory with small curvature tunneling correction. When H₂O was introduced in the CH₂OO?+?H₂S reaction, it not only acts as a catalyst for producing HSCH₂OOH, but also plays as a reactant to forming HOCH₂OOH. The formation channel of HSCH₂OOH is more important than the formation channel of HOCH₂OOH with its calculated rate constant larger by 11.0–43.2 times within the temperature 280–320?K. Then, (H₂O)₂ catalysed CH₂OO?+?H₂S → HSCH₂OOH reaction has been taken into account with its rate lower 1.9–4.2 times than the reaction of CH₂OO?+?H₂S → HSCH₂OOH with water. Also, CH₂OO?+?H₂S with H₂O cannot compete with the CH₂OO?+?H₂S reaction without water. This is different from CH₂OO?+?(H₂O)₂ reaction, which is about 4 orders of magnitude larger than the rate constant for CH₂OO?+?H₂O reaction. Such discrepancy is possible because C(CH₂OO)···O(H₂O) interaction has been enhanced more obviously by H₂O as compared to that of C(CH₂OO)···O(H₂S) interaction.     

焊后热处理对聚变堆用奥氏体不锈钢MAG焊焊缝金属冲击韧性的影响

对聚变堆用316LN奥氏体不锈钢熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊(MAG焊)接接头进行不同温度的热处理,并在液氮温度下进行夏比冲击试验。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS分析等研究了热处理温度对接头微观组织、断口形貌及析出物的影响。结果表明,873K热处理可以显著提高焊缝金属冲击韧性,但随着热处理温度的上升,焊缝金属逐渐出现沿着晶界分布的析出物,韧性逐渐下降。断口均为延性断裂,但随着热处理温度的升高,韧窝变浅、数量变少。韧窝底部存在球状析出和不规则状析出,球状析出在焊接过程中产生,不因热处理温度而变化,不规则析出随着热处理温度的升高逐渐增多。焊材中的Mo含量过高导致焊缝金属中Mo在晶界大量偏聚,促进了σ相的析出,当σ相在晶界形成连续分布后,焊缝金属冲击韧性显著下降。     

氮低温制冷循环系统在大科学装置中的应用与发展

大科学装置中低温设备的氮低温冷量需要日益快速增长,为减少能耗和保障装置的长期稳定运行,基于大科学装置氮低温系统运行需求,介绍了氮低温制冷循环系统在国内外大科学装置中的应用情况,总结了目前大科学装置中应用氮低温制冷循环系统的研究现状,并探讨以氮制冷机为核心的氮低温制冷循环系统在未来大科学装置中发展方向。     

Eu^3+激活氟氧硼酸锗酸盐闪烁玻璃的发光性能

采用传统高温熔融法合成了玻璃组成为B2O3-GeO2-15GdF3-(40-x)Gd2O3-xEu2O3(0≤x≤10)的Eu^3+激活氟氧硼酸锗酸盐闪烁玻璃。在硼锗酸盐玻璃基质中,Gd2O3和GdF3稀土试剂的总含量高达55%,从而确保其密度高于6.4 g/cm^3。闪烁玻璃的光学性能通过光学透过光谱、光致发光光谱、X射线激发发射(XEL)光谱和荧光衰减曲线来表征。玻璃中Gd^3+→Eu^3+离子的能量传递通过激发光谱、发射光谱和Gd^3+-Eu^3+离子间距得到证明,同时也确定了在紫外线和X射线激发下Eu^3+激活氟氧硼酸锗酸盐闪烁玻璃的最佳浓度。Judd-Ofelt理论分析了玻璃中Eu―O键的共价性随Eu^3+掺杂浓度增加而显著增强。Eu^3+激活氟氧硼酸锗酸盐闪烁玻璃在80~470 K温度范围内荧光衰减曲线和发射光谱的温度依赖关系最终证实了其具有较好的发光稳定性。     

间二甲苯分子在不同外电场下结构和解离特性研究

间二甲苯是挥发性有机物(VOCs, Volatile Organic Compounds)的关键活性成分,研究其在外电场下的性质十分重要.采用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-311G++基组水平上对间二甲苯分子进行优化,从分子结构研究了不同外电场(-0.025 a.u.～0.025 a.u.)作用下,间二甲苯分子的总能量,键长,电偶极矩,前线轨道,红外光谱和解离势能面.计算结果表明,沿两甲基中C原子连线方向的电场(-0.025 a.u.～0.025 a.u.)增加时,分子总能量和能隙先增大后减小,电偶极矩先减小后增加.通过计算发现外电场对间二甲苯分子不同键长和不同振动模式的红外光谱的影响均有所不同.间二甲苯分子的解离特性表现为:沿两甲基中C原子连线方向施加强度超过0.047 a. u.的电场时,位于电场增加方向的甲基与苯环之间起连接作用的C-C键断裂.以上计算结果可为利用电场降解间二甲苯提供重要理论参考.     

激光加热微管靶反激光方向二次谐波时空分辨结构

本文报道了高功率激光加热微管靶,从入射激光的反方向观察二次谐波的时空分辨结构,分析了激光与微管靶的相互耦合过程.在激光与等离子体细丝相互作用的理论基础上,解释了微管区域内反激光方向二次谐波辐射的特殊现象.