Nucleophilic substitution results in inversion of configuration at the electrophilic carbon center (SN2) or racemization (SN1). The stereochemistry of the nucleophile is rarely considered, but phosphines, which have a high barrier to pyramidal inversion, attack electrophiles with retention of configuration at P. Surprisingly, cyclization of bifunctional secondary phosphine alkyl tosylates proceeded under mild conditions with inversion of configuration at the nucleophile to yield P‐stereogenic syn‐phosphiranes. DFT studies suggested that the novel stereochemistry results from acid‐promoted tosylate dissociation to yield an intermediate phosphenium‐bridged cation, which undergoes syn‐selective cyclization. 相似文献
The regioselective formation of (E)‐β‐vinylstannanes has been a long‐standing challenge in transition‐metal‐catalyzed alkyne hydrostannation. Herein, we report a well‐defined molybdenum‐based system featuring two encumbering m‐terphenyl isocyanides that reliably and efficiently delivers (E)‐β‐vinylstannanes from a range of terminal and internal alkynes with high regioselectivity. The system is particularly effective for aryl alkynes and can discriminate between alkyl chains of low steric hindrance in unsymmetrically substituted dialkyl alkynes. Catalytic hydrostannation with this system is also characterized by an electronic effect that leads to a decrease in regioselectivity when electron‐withdrawing groups are present on the alkyne substrate. 相似文献
A displacement aggregation strategy is proposed for the curvature pairs stored in a limited-memory BFGS (a.k.a. L-BFGS) method such that the resulting (inverse) Hessian approximations are equal to those that would be derived from a full-memory BFGS method. This means that, if a sufficiently large number of pairs are stored, then an optimization algorithm employing the limited-memory method can achieve the same theoretical convergence properties as when full-memory (inverse) Hessian approximations are stored and employed, such as a local superlinear rate of convergence under assumptions that are common for attaining such guarantees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which a local superlinear convergence rate guarantee is offered by a quasi-Newton scheme that does not either store all curvature pairs throughout the entire run of the optimization algorithm or store an explicit (inverse) Hessian approximation. Numerical results are presented to show that displacement aggregation within an adaptive L-BFGS scheme can lead to better performance than standard L-BFGS.
The imine functions of [Ni(mL1)](ClO4)2 (mL1 = meso-7RS,14SR-5,12-dimethyl-7,14-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene) are reduced by using NaBH4 in acetonitrile/methanol to form the meso–meso and rac–meso isomeric cyclic tetramine complex cations [Ni(mmL2)]2+ and [Ni(rmL2)]2+ (mml2 = 5RS,7RS,12SR,14SR- and rmL2 = 5SR,7RS,12SR,14SR-5,12-dimethyl-7,14-diphenyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) in ca. 8:1 proportions. [Ni(rmL2)]2+ is also prepared from rmL2, formed in <1% yield by the reduction of mL1 by NaBH4 in ethanol. Square planar singlet ground state (S = 1) salts [Ni(rmL2)](ClO4)2 and [Ni(rmL2)][ZnCl4] and triplet ground state (S = 3) trans-di-ligand octahedral compounds trans-[Ni(rmL2)X2] ,μ-Y-trans-[Ni(rmL2)Y] and folded macrocycle compounds cis-[Ni(rmL2)(acac)]CIO4 (acac− = pentane-2,4-dionato), cis-[{Ni(rmL2)}2(C2O4)](ClO4)2, cis-[Ni(rmL2)(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and cis-[Ni(rmL2)X2], X− = Cl−, Br−, are described. The S = 1 salt 1SR,4SR,5SR,7RS,8RS,11RS,12SR,14SR-[Ni(rmL2)](ClO4)2 · 0.5H2O has a disordered structure with Ni(II) in square planar coordination by the nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle, in N-configuration III, with Ni–Nmean = 1.96(2) Å. The six-membered chelate rings both have chair conformations, with the phenyl substituents equatorially oriented and with the methyl substituents disordered over axial and equatorial orientations. The S = 3 compound cis-1SR,4SR,5SR,7RS,8SR,11SR,12SR,14SR-[Ni(rmL2)(acac)]ClO4 has N-configuration V. The macrocycle is folded along N1–Ni–N8, adjacent to the phenyl substituents {N1–Ni–N8 = 176.45(6), N4–Ni–N11 = 98.16(6)°}, with mean Ni–N = 2.09(2) Å and mean Ni–O = 2.121(5) Å. Both six-membered chelate rings have chair conformations with the methyl substituents equatorially oriented, while one has the phenyl substituent equatorially and the other has it axially oriented. The structures of the isomeric [M(rmL2)(acac)]ClO4, [M(rrL2)(acac)]CIO4 and [M(mmL2)(acac)]ClO4 compounds are compared. 相似文献
Inclusion of a polymer cushion between a lipid bilayer membrane and a solid surface has been suggested as a means to provide a soft, deformable layer that will allow for transmembrane protein insertion and mobility. In this study, mobile, tethered lipid bilayers were formed on a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) support via a two-step adsorption process. The PEG films were prepared by coadsorbing a heterofunctional, telechelic PEG lipopolymer (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-poly(ethylene glycol)-2000-N-[3-(2-(pyridyldithio)propionate]) (DSPE-PEG-PDP) and a nonlipid functionalized PEG-PDP from an ethanol/water mixture, as described in a previous paper (Munro, J. C.; Frank, C. W. Langmuir 2004, 20, 3339-3349). Then a two-step lipid adsorption strategy was used. First, lipids were adsorbed onto the PEG support from a hexane solution. Second, vesicles were adsorbed and fused on the surface to create a bilayer in an aqueous environment. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments show that this process results in mobile bilayers with diffusion coefficients on the order of 2 microm2/s. The mobility of the bilayers is decreased slightly by increasing the density of tethered lipids. The formation of bilayers, and not multilayer structures, is also confirmed by surface plasmon resonance, which was used to determine in situ film thickness, and by fluorimetry, which was used to determine quantitatively the fluorescence intensity for each 18 by 18 mm sample. Unfortunately, fluorescence microscopy also shows that there are large defects on the samples, which limits the utility of this system. 相似文献
Summary Cadmium ions react with the collector, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide (EHDABr) to form a surface active sublate which can be removed from aqueous iodide solutions by ion flotation. A typical ion flotation procedure involves passing air through a 250-ml solution containing 5 ppm Cd2+, 0.120 MI– and 1×10–3M EHDABr at a flow rate of 20 ml/min for 2 hrs. The procedure is simple and efficient. Chromium, copper and zinc ions do not interfere under the experimental conditions.
Entfernung von Cadmiumspuren aus wärigen Jodidlösungen durch lonenflotation
Zusammenfassung Cadmiumionen reagieren mit Äthylhexadecyldimethylammoniumbromid (EHDABr) unter Bildung eines oberflächenaktiven Sublates, das durch Ionenflotation aus wäßrigen Jodidlösungen entfernt werden kann. Einen typischen Ionenflotationsvorgang erzielt man beim Durchleiten von Luft durch 250 ml einer Lösung von 5 ppm Cd2+ in 0,120 M Jodid und 1·10–3M EHDABr mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 20 ml/min durch 2 Stunden. Die Arbeitsweise ist einfach und wirkungsvoll. Cr, Cu und Zn stören unter den angegebenen Arbeitsbedingungen nicht.
Taken partly from the thesis submitted to the Graduate School for the Master of Science in Chemistry. 相似文献
The reactivity of the terminal zirconium(iv) oxo complex, OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu (2), is explored, revealing unique redox activity imparted by the pendent redox active cobalt(i) center. Oxo complex 2 can be chemically reduced using Na/Hg or Ph3C• to afford the ZrIV/Co0 complexes [(μ-Na)OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]2 (3) and Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu (4), respectively. Based on the cyclic voltammogram of 2, Ph3˙ should not be sufficiently reducing to achieve the chemical reduction of 2, but sufficient driving force for the reaction is provided by the nucleophilicity of the terminal oxo fragment and its affinity to bind Ph3C+. Accordingly, 2 reacts readily with [Ph3C][BPh4] and Ph3CCl to afford [Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu][BPh4] ([5][BPh4]) and Ph3COZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCl (6), respectively. The chemical oxidation of 2 is also investigated, revealing that oxidation of 2 is accompanied by immediate hydrogen atom abstraction to afford the hydroxide complex [HOZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]+ ([9]+). Thus it is posited that the transient [OZr(MesNPiPr2)3CoCNtBu]+ [2]+ cation generated upon oxidation combines the basicity of a nucleophilic early metal oxo fragment with the oxidizing power of the appended cobalt center to facilitate H-atom abstraction.Bimetallic cooperativity is demonstrated with a Co/Zr complex featuring both nucleophilic Zr(iv) oxo and redox active Co sites.相似文献
Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra have been measured on a magnetic-sector double-focusing mass spectrometer for a number of proteins and peptides. It is pointed out how in theory raising the mass resolution of a mass spectrometer from 800–1000 to 2400–3000 significantly increases the precision with which the envelope of isotopic peaks of a protein ion (or other organic ion) can be defined, particularly at higher masses. Better definition of the isotopic envelope ought to lead to higher precision in the experimental determination of molecular mass, which has been demonstrated. It is shown how ESI mass spectra of high-mass molecules are significantly less congested at higher m/z values, so that for these molecules (RMM > 40 000) there is an advantage in being able to record peaks at higher m/z values (m/z > 2000) representing ions with fewer charges. Fragmentation of a small peptide in the ESI source has been found to provide sequence information. 相似文献