首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   432篇
  免费   13篇
化学   260篇
晶体学   2篇
力学   25篇
数学   36篇
物理学   122篇
  2023年   4篇
  2022年   17篇
  2021年   14篇
  2020年   12篇
  2019年   12篇
  2018年   10篇
  2017年   4篇
  2016年   21篇
  2015年   16篇
  2014年   12篇
  2013年   31篇
  2012年   28篇
  2011年   39篇
  2010年   21篇
  2009年   19篇
  2008年   23篇
  2007年   22篇
  2006年   17篇
  2005年   15篇
  2004年   10篇
  2003年   7篇
  2002年   9篇
  2001年   7篇
  2000年   5篇
  1999年   6篇
  1998年   1篇
  1997年   5篇
  1996年   3篇
  1995年   3篇
  1994年   6篇
  1993年   3篇
  1992年   6篇
  1991年   1篇
  1990年   1篇
  1989年   3篇
  1988年   3篇
  1987年   2篇
  1986年   3篇
  1985年   4篇
  1984年   3篇
  1983年   3篇
  1982年   4篇
  1981年   5篇
  1980年   2篇
  1977年   1篇
  1975年   1篇
  1973年   1篇
排序方式: 共有445条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
The main objective of the reference materials for biofuel specifications (BIOREMA) project is the development of two test materials (one bio-ethanol material and one biodiesel material) with well-established reference values. Of a series of three papers, this part describes the material preparation, homogeneity study, stability study, and characterisation of the bio-ethanol material. The test material thus obtained was used in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) to assess current practices and comparability amongst laboratories providing bio-ethanol testing services. Only 13 participants provided data, resulting in a small dataset for evaluation. Further, it appeared that for a number of laboratories, there was not sufficient material for the determination of all requested parameters. In most cases, as far as the data permit, it can be concluded that the consensus values (based on participant’s results) are in good agreement with the reference or the BIOREMA values (obtained by NMIs participating in the project). For three parameters, namely ethanol content, water content, and density, there is good agreement between the reference and consensus values. For these parameters, the reproducibility standard deviation is close to, or even smaller than, the expanded uncertainty associated with the reference value. A number of parameters show very poor reproducibility, for example, pHe, electrolytic conductivity, and acidity. The same applies to sodium and copper content, which are very low and therefore challenging parameters to measure accurately. The results of the ILC underpin the need for certified reference materials and demonstrate the requirement for more robust quality control to improve the precision and trueness of the results from testing laboratories.  相似文献   
32.
The mechanisms involved in monomer removal by postpolymerization were investigated to establish a criterion to select the most effective initiator systems. Three redox systems yielding radicals of different hydrophobicities were studied. Efficiency in monomer removal by postpolymerization increased with the hydrophobicity of the radical formed from the initiator system. This result was independent of the water solubility of the residual monomer. The mechanistic reasons for this finding are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4245–4249, 2002  相似文献   
33.
The determination of phosphorus in milk and bone samples by both radiochemical and instrumental neutron activation analysis is described. The radiochemical method consists of thermal neutron irradiation of samples and standards, sample dissolution, phosphorus precipitation as ammonium phosphomolyb-date, use of zinc holdback carrier and counting of the phosphorus-32 ß-activity. The instrumental method involves thermal neutron irradiation of samples and standards, waiting for a decay time and ß-counting. The methods were applied to commercial samples and reference materials.  相似文献   
34.
Sediment cores were collected at the Cananeia-Iguape Estuary and thelevels of 210Pb, 226Ra and 137Cs were measuredby gamma-ray spectrometry. The total 210Pb levels in sedimentsvaried from 13.5 to 122.5 Bq . kg —1 , for 226Raranged from 2.4 to 28 Bq . kg —1 and for 137Csfrom 0.28 to 6.1 Bq . kg —1 . Sedimentation rates were calculatedfrom the slope of the excess 210Pb profile in the core. The valuesobtained varied from 5 to 10 mm . y—1 , depending on thesediment deposition inputs in the local of sampling.  相似文献   
35.
Radiochemical procedures for the analysis of 210 Pb and 210 Po in foods and diets are presented. Because of the low beta energy of 210 Pb, its analysis was based on a separation of the daughter radionuclide 210 Bi by precipitation of lead sulphate, 210 Bi ingrowing and beta counting of this nuclide. 210 Po analysis was based on wet dissolution of the sample, deposition onto silver disc and counting by alpha-spectrometry. Levels of these radionuclides in individual items and diets of selected university students were determined in order to evaluate the intakes of 210 Pb and 210 Po as well as the dose due to ingestion of foods and diets in São Paulo city.  相似文献   
36.
Computing optimal stochastic portfolio execution strategies under an appropriate risk consideration presents many computational challenges. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate an approach based on smoothing and parametric rules to minimize mean and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) of the execution cost. The proposed approach reduces computational complexity by smoothing the nondifferentiability arising from the simulation discretization and by employing a parametric representation of a stochastic strategy. We further handle constraints using a smoothed exact penalty function. Using the downside risk as an example, we show that the proposed approach can be generalized to other risk measures. In addition, we computationally illustrate the effect of including risk on the stochastic optimal execution strategy.  相似文献   
37.
Given an undirected graph G with penalties associated with its vertices and costs associated with its edges, a Prize Collecting Steiner (PCS) tree is either an isolated vertex of G or else any tree of G, be it spanning or not. The weight of a PCS tree equals the sum of the costs for its edges plus the sum of the penalties for the vertices of G not spanned by the PCS tree. Accordingly, the Prize Collecting Steiner Problem in Graphs (PCSPG) is to find a PCS tree with the lowest weight. In this paper, after reformulating and re-interpreting a given PCSPG formulation, we use a Lagrangian Non Delayed Relax and Cut (NDRC) algorithm to generate primal and dual bounds to the problem. The algorithm is capable of adequately dealing with the exponentially many candidate inequalities to dualize. It incorporates ingredients such as a new PCSPG reduction test, an effective Lagrangian heuristic and a modification in the NDRC framework that allows duality gaps to be further reduced. The Lagrangian heuristic suggested here dominates their PCSPG counterparts in the literature. The NDRC PCSPG lower bounds, most of the time, nearly matched the corresponding Linear Programming relaxation bounds.  相似文献   
38.
In the projective plane PG(2,q) over a finite field of order q, a Tallini curve is a plane irreducible (algebraic) curve of (minimum) degree q+2 containing all points of PG(2,q). Such curves were investigated by G. Tallini [8], [9] in 1961, and by Homma and Kim [5] in 2013. Our results concern the automorphism groups, the Weierstrass semigroups, the Hasse–Witt invariants, and quotient curves of the Tallini curves.  相似文献   
39.
Taking place within more extensive work that focuses on hybrid methods in aeroacoustics, the present study is devoted to the data transfer operations that are to be performed between two stages of a hybrid calculation. More precisely, the article focuses on two typical operations that usually accompany such data transfer, which are (i) the sampling rate reduction and (ii) the interpolation of the unsteady perturbations to be transmitted from one stage to the other. First part of the paper analyzes the two main issues of such operations, which are the spuriousing and the aliasing phenomena. For doing so, the usual notions of the interpolation theory are revisited before they are synthesized within an original approach. The here proposed formalism allows to understand better both the spuriousing and the aliasing phenomena, as well as to accurately predict the impact of the latter on the data to be transmitted in terms of signal degradation. Second part of the paper provides an illustration and a validation of these theoretical developments via a direct application to a typical aerodynamic noise problem (aeroacoustic emission by a 2D cylinder cross flow). There, it is further shown how the here proposed formalism can help in improving aeroacoustics hybrid calculations by predicting (and thus possibly minimizing) the bias to be induced on the acoustic extrapolation stage because of the aliasing and/or spuriousing effects inherited from the sampling rate reduction and/or interpolation of CFD data—which is likely to occur in any hybrid scenario. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
40.
So far, in the nonparametric literature only full frontier nonparametric methods have been applied to search for economies of scope and scale, particularly the data envelopment analysis method (DEA). However, these methods present some drawbacks that might lead to biased results. This paper proposes a methodology based on more robust partial frontier nonparametric methods to look for scope and scale economies. Through this methodology it is possible to assess the robustness of these economies, and in particular to assess the influence that extreme data or outliers might have on them. The influence of the imposition of convexity on the production set of firms was also investigated. This methodology was applied to the water utilities that operated in Portugal between 2002 and 2008. There is evidence of economies of vertical integration and economies of scale in drinking water supply utilities and in water and wastewater utilities operating mainly in the retail segment. Economies of scale were found in water and wastewater utilities operating exclusively in the wholesale, and in some of these utilities diseconomies of scope were also found. The proposed methodology also allowed us to conclude that the existence of some smaller utilities makes the minimum optimal scales go down.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号