Reaktive E = C(p-p)π-Systeme. XLII [1]. Neue Koordinationsverbindungen des 2-(Diisopropylamino)-1-phosphaethins: [{η4-(iPr2NCP)2}Ni{η2-(iPr2NCP)}], [(Ph3P)2Pt{η2-(iPr2NCP)}] und [Co2(CO)6{η2-η2-(iPr2NCP)}]

Reactive E = C(pp)π-Systems. XLII [1]. Novel Coordination Compounds of 2-(Diisopropylamino)-1-phosphaethyne: [{η⁴-(iPr₂NCP)₂}Ni{η²-(iPr₂NCP)}], [(Ph₃P)₂Pt{η²-(iPr₂NCP)}], and [Co₂(CO)₆{η²-μ²-(iPr₂NCP)}] 2-(Diisopropylamino)-phosphaethyne iPr₂N? C?P ( 2 ) reacts with the Ni(0)-complexes [Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)₂] and [Ni(CO)₃(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)], respectively, to give the novel complex [{η⁴-(iPr₂NCP)₂}Ni{η²-(iPr₂NCP)}] ( 5 ), with the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene derivative and 2 (side-on) as π-ligands. The molecular structure of 5 determined by X-ray diffraction on single crystals proves the spin systems and rotational barriers deduced from NMR-data (¹H, ¹³C-, ³¹P). The PC distances of the four-membered ring of 1.817(2) and 1.818(2) Å – as expected – are considerably longer than the PC bond of the η²-coordinated phosphaalkyne 2 [1.671(2) Å]. – In the reactions of 2 with [(Ph₃P)₂Pt(C₂H₄)] or [Co₂(CO)₈] the ligand properties of 2 resemble those of alkynes affording the complexes [(Ph₃P)₂Pt{η²-(iPr₂NCP)}] ( 7 ) with side-on coordinated 2 and [Co₂(CO)₆{η²-μ²-(iPr₂NCP)}] with 2 acting as a 4e donor bridge in quantitative yield. In attempts to prepare copper(I) complexes of the aminophosphaalkyne 2 by reaction with CuCl or CuI the only isolable product formed in reasonable amounts under the influence of air and moisture is the 1 λ³, 3 λ⁵-diphosphetene (iPr₂N) ( 10 ) (isolated yield: ca. 20%). The crystal structure analysis of 10 indicates a strong structural relationship to the diamino-2-phosphaallyl cation [Me(iPr₂N)]⁺ ( 12 ), the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand (iPr₂NCP)₂ in the binuclear complex [{η¹, μ²-(iPr₂NCP)₂}Ni₂(CO)₆] ( 3a ) as well as to the heterocycles (dme)₂LiOE₂′ (E′ = S, 11a ; E′ = Se, 11b ) prepared by Becker et al. [11b, 35].     

Extrem aufgeweitete Tetrathiafulvalene mit Polyen-Spacern. Carotinoide Tetrathiafulvalene. Polymethin-tetracyanotetrathiafulvalen-Radikalkationen,eine neue Klasse von Violenen

Extremely Expanded Tetrathiafulvalenes with Polyene Spacers. Carotinoid Tetrathiafulvalenes. Polymethin-Tetracyanotetrathiafulvalene Radical Cations, a New Class of Violenes The synthesis of extended tetrathiafulvalenes 11 with di-, tetra-, hexa-, octa-, deca- and dodecamethine spacers is described by a PPh₃-induced Wittig-reaction-like condensation of the corresponding polyenedials 10 with 2-thio-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarbonitrile ( 9 ). By the same procedure, the dimethyloctamethine- and the tetramethyl-hexadecamethine-tetrathiafulvalenes 14 and 15 , respectively, were obtained. The extended tetrathiafulvalenes represent multistep vinylogous redox systems of the ‘violene type’. They can be oxidized to give the cyanine-like radical cations, e.g. 11 _sem, 14 _sem, and 15 _sem, and the dications, e.g. 11 _ox, 14 _ox, and 15 _ox; their UV/VIS/NIR spectra are reported. The crystal and molecular structure of (all-E)-2,2′-(octa-2,4,6-trien-1,8-diylidene)bis[1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarbonitrile] ( 11e ) was determined: it is a rod-like, planar molecule; in the crystal, it forms staples along the longest molecule axis. The CV measurements confirm that the redox potentials of 11, 14 , and 15 decrease asymptotically with the increasing length of the spacer. Because of the close relationship of the extended tetrathiafulvalenes (ETTF's) to the carotinoids, they are named ‘caroviologenes’; they formally belong to the class of molecular wires.     

Absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of combined wildtype LOV1-LOV2 domain of phot from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

An absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of the combined wild-type LOV1-LOV2 domain string (abbreviated LOV1/2) of phot from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is carried out at pH 8. A LOV1/2-MBP fusion protein (MBP=maltose binding protein) and LOV1/2 with a His-tag at the C-terminus (LOV1/2-His) expressed in an Escherichia coli strain are investigated. Blue-light photo-excitation generates a non-fluorescent intermediate photoproduct (flavin-C(4a)-cysteinyl adduct with absorption peak at 390 nm). The photo-cycle dynamics is studied by dark-state absorption and fluorescence measurement, by following the temporal absorption and emission changes under blue and violet light exposure, and by measuring the temporal absorption and fluorescence recovery after light exposure. The fluorescence quantum yield, phi(F), of the dark adapted samples is phi(F)(LOV1/2-His) approximately 0.15 and phi(F)(LOV1/2-MBP) approximately 0.17. A bi-exponential absorption recovery after light exposure with a fast (in the several 10-s range) and a slow component (in the near 10-min range) are resolved. The quantum yield of photo-adduct formation, phi(Ad), is extracted from excitation intensity dependent absorption measurements. It decreases somewhat with rising excitation intensity. The behaviour of the combined wildtype LOV1-LOV2 double domains is compared with the behaviour of the separate LOV1 and LOV2 domains.     

REVERSIBLE BLEACHING OF Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RHODOPSIN in vivo

Abstract— The effect of hydroxylamine on the phototactic activity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was investigated. The following results were obtained: (1) wild type cells, irradiated for 10 min with green light immediately after addition of 1 mM hydroxylamine, showed a 20 min transient loss of phototactic activity, (2) irradiation of cells, preincubated in the dark with 4 mM. hydroxylamine for 30 min, diminished the phototactic sensitivity permanently by more than 100-fold without loss of cell motility. (3) The phototactic sensitivity completely recovered within 3(1 min of the removal of hydroxylamin from carotenoid-containing cells or from carotenoid-negative cells upon addition of 11- cis or all- trans retinal. Our explanation is bleaching of rhodopsin by more than 99% and reconstitution by de novo synthesized or by added retinal.     

Absorption and emission spectroscopic characterisation of 8-amino-riboflavin

The flavin dye 8-amino-8-demethyl-d-riboflavin (AF) in the solvents water, DMSO, methanol, and chloroform/DMSO was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The first absorption band is red-shifted compared to riboflavin, and blue-shifted compared to roseoflavin (8-dimethylamino-8-demethyl-D-riboflavin). The fluorescence quantum yield of AF in the studied solvents varies between 20% and 50%. The fluorescence lifetimes were found to be in the 2–5 ns range. AF is well soluble in DMSO, weakly soluble in water and methanol, and practically insoluble in chloroform. The limited solubility causes AF aggregation, which was seen in differences between measured absorption spectra and fluorescence excitation spectra. Light scattering in the dye absorption region is discussed and approximate absorption cross-section spectra are determined from the combined measurement of transmission and fluorescence excitation spectra. The photo-stability of AF was studied by prolonged light exposure. The photo-degradation routes of AF are discussed.     

Geographical influences of an emerging network of gang rivalries

We propose an agent-based model to simulate the creation of street gang rivalries. The movement dynamics of agents are coupled to an evolving network of gang rivalries, which is determined by previous interactions among agents in the system. Basic gang data, geographic information, and behavioral dynamics suggested by the criminology literature are integrated into the model. The major highways, rivers, and the locations of gangs’ centers of activity influence the agents’ motion. We use a policing division of the Los Angeles Police Department as a case study to test our model. We apply common metrics from graph theory to analyze our model, comparing networks produced by our simulations and an instance of a Geographical Threshold Graph to the existing network from the criminology literature.     

Left-right asymmetry in superelastic collisions of polarized electrons with unpolarized laser-excited sodium atoms

Polarized electrons have been scattered superelastically from laser-excited unpolarized sodium atoms (deexcitation of the 3² P _1/2 or 3² P _3/2 states). The left-right scattering asymmetry, which results from an interplay of the atomic charge cloud orientation, atomic fine-structure interaction and exchange processes, has been measured for energies between 6 and 20 eV and scattering angles ranging from 40 to 120°. Within the experimental uncertainty the Percival-Seaton hypothesis, which is the basis of current theoretical calculations for electron-sodium collisions, has been confirmed. However, the quantitative agreement between experimental and numerical results is satisfactory only for a 2-state close-coupling calculation of Moores.     

Beiträge zur Methylimidbestimmung

Zusammenfassung Das in neueren und neuesten Arbeitsvorschriften als Waschflüssigkeit für die Methoxyl- und Methylimidbestimmung empfohlene Natriumthiosulfat ist hierzu grundsätzlich ungeeignet, da es sich mit Jodmethyl unter Bildung von Natriumthiosulfat-Methylester und Natriumjodid umsetzt. Das hierdurch bedingte, in Abhängigkeit von der Thiosulfatkonzentration zum Teil recht erhebliche Analysendefizit konnte experimentell belegt werden.Das regelmäßig mit dem Kohlendioxydstrom übergehende Jod stammt aus der leicht zersetzlichen Jodwasserstoffsäure bzw. aus dem Ammoniumjodid, das bei der Methylimidbestimmung der Substanz zugesetzt wird, und muß entfernt werden. Dies ist durch Verwendung von 10%iger Natriumantimonyltartratlösung, 5%iger sodaalkalischer Hydroxylaminchlorhydratlösung, 5%iger 1-Ascorbinsäure oder 5%iger Hydrazinlösung an Stelle des Natriumthiosulfates möglich.Der Kohlendioxydstrom führt auch Jodwasserstoff mit, der vom Wasser der Waschflüssigkeit nahezu ganz zurückgehalten wird. Ein kleiner Rest gelangt infolge des vorherrschenden Jodwasserstoff-Partialdruckes und durch Aerosolbildung in die Vorlage. Der dadurch verursachte Blindwert muß entweder berücksichtigt werden oder man muß durch die Jodwasserstoffsäure vor ihrer Verwendung kurze Zeit einen lebhaften Kohlendioxydstrom durchleiten, wodurch dieser Fehler unter die Grenze jodometrischer Nachweisbarkeit gedrückt wird.Der sogenannte Vorlagenleerwert ist durch regelmäßige, geringe Jodverunreinigung des Broms bedingt und muß bei allen Mikroanalysen in Abzug gebracht werden.

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Summary Sodium thiosulfate, which has been recommended in recent and current procedures as a wash liquid in the determination of methoxyl and methylimide, is fundamentally unsuited for this purpose, because it reacts with methyl iodide to produce sodium thiosulfate-methyl ester and sodium iodide. The resulting analytical deficit which, depending on the concentration of the thiosulfate, may sometimes be quite considerable, was demonstrated experimentally.The iodine, which regularly is swept along with the current of carbon dioxide, comes from the easily decomposable hydrogen iodide or from the ammonium iodide, which is added in the methyl imide determination; it must be removed. This is accomplished by using 10% sodium antimonyl tartrate solution, 5% soda-alkaline hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, 5% 1-ascorbic acid or 5% hydrazine solution in place of the sodium thiosulfate.The stream of carbon dioxide also carries away hydrogen iodide, which is retained almost completely by the wash liquid. Because of the prevailing hydrogen iodide partial pressure and because of aerosolformation, a small fraction arrives in the receiver. The resulting blank must either be taken into account or carbon dioxide must be passed quickly for a short time through the hydriodic acid before the latter is used; the error is thus reduced below the limit of detection of iodine. The so-called receiver blank value is due to the usual slight contamination of the bromine with iodine, and must be subtracted in all microdeterminations.

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Résumé Le thiosulfate de sodium, recommandé dans des modes opératoires très récents, comme liquide de lavage dans le dosage du méthoxyle et du méthylimide est inapplicable parce qu'il réagit avec l'iodure de méthyle en formant du thiosulfate de sodium et de méthyle et de l'iodure de sodium. On a pu démontrer expérimentalement que l'erreur par défaut de l'analyse est assez importante et en rapport avec la concentration du thiosulfate. L'iode libre, entrainé régulièrement par un courant de gaz carbonique, provient d'acide iodhydrique facilement décomposable ou d'iodure d'ammonium que l'on a ajouté au cours du dosage du méthylimide et doit être éliminé. On peut le faire en employant une solution de tartrate de sodium et d'antimonyle à 10%, une solution de chlorure d'hydroxylammonium à 5% rendue alcalin par le carbonate de sodium, de l'acide ascorbique à 5% ou une solution d'hydrazine à 5% à la place du thiosulfate de sodium.Le courant de gaz carbonique entraine aussi de l'acide iodhydrique qui est presque entièrement retenu par l'eau de lavage. Un petit reste parvient dans le tube d'arrêt surtout par suite de la pression partielle de l'acide iodhydrique et aussi par formation d'aérosol. L'essai à blanc qui en résulte donne une valeur dont il faut tenir compte sinon on doit faire passer du gaz carbonique pendant quelque temps dans l'acide iodhydrique avant son emploi de manière que l'erreur soit ramenée au-dessous de la limite des erreurs de la iodométrie. Ce que l'on appelle l'essai à blanc du tube d'arrêt provient d'une impureté faible et constant d'iode dans le brome et sa valeur doit être soustraite des résultats de toutes les microanalyses.

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Mit 1 Abbildung.