High-frequency sonoelectrochemical processes: mass transport, thermal and surface effects induced by cavitation in a 500 kHz reactor

The use of high frequency ultrasound in electrochemical systems is of major interest for the optimisation of electrosynthetic and electroanalytical procedures, especially when the strong mechanical effects of 20 kHz ultrasound are detrimental. The characterisation of a 500 kHz ultrasound reactor for sonoelectrochemical experiments by voltammetric and potentiometric measurements revealed the presence of considerable thermal, as well as mass transport, effects depending on geometric parameters and the material used for the construction of the working electrode. Micromixing and cavitation processes govern the mass transport to and from the electrode surface and are shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to cause erosion on the electrode surface. Electrochemically active films of Prussian blue are shown to be gradually removed by cavitation erosion. Degassing the solution prior to sonication increases the efficiency of cavitation processes.     

纤维改性硫氧镁基仿木保温材料性能研究

为了提高硫氧镁基仿木保温材料的各项性能, 分别研究了相同长度的聚丙烯纤维(PPF)、聚乙烯醇纤维(PVAF)、玻璃纤维(GF)对其性能的影响. 结果表明: 随着纤维掺量的增加, 硫氧镁基仿木保温材料的流动性有所降低; GF对其抗压抗折强度的提高效果最明显, 其中GF掺量为1.0 kg·m^-3时早期抗压强度最高, PVAF掺量为0.5 kg·m^-3时其早期抗压强度最高; PPF明显提高了硫氧镁基仿木保温材料的耐水性, 其掺量为0.5 kg·m^-3时软化系数最大, 而GF掺量在1.0 kg·m^-3时, 浸水软化系数稍高于未加纤维的对比试件; 掺加PVAF后硫氧镁基保温材料的导热系数出现一定程度的降低, 其中PVAF掺量在1.5 kg·m^-3时其导热系数最低. GF和PPF可以明显地降低硫氧镁基仿木保温材料的收缩值, 其中GF降低自收缩效果较好, 而PPF可以明显地降低其干燥收缩值.     

Reactivity of Sodium Pentaphospholide Na[cyclo-P5] towards C≡E (E=C,N, P) Triple Bonds

A diglyme solution of Na[cyclo-P₅] ( 1 ) reacts with alkynes and isolobal nitriles and phosphaalkynes to afford the otherwise elusive (aza)phospholide anions 2 a – c , 4 a,b , and 6 . The reaction of Na[cyclo-P₅] with alkynes and nitriles was studied by means of DFT methods, which suggested a concerted mechanism for the formation of 2 a and 4 b . The anions 2 a – c , 4 a,b , and 6 coordinate in an η⁵-fashion towards Fe^II to give the sandwich (aza)phosphametallocenes 3 a – c , 5 a,b and 7 in moderate to good yields. The new compounds were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry.     

烯烃聚合高性能FI催化剂的进展

FI催化剂系一近几年发展起来的烯烃聚合高性能催化剂。以它的极高的活性、聚合物分子结构的可控性、多重活性聚合等特性而引人注目。本评述首先进行该催化剂的化学描述,然后分别介绍该催化剂的主要特征、活性中心结构、聚合机理和应用,重点介绍该催化剂的五大特征。     

Statistical theory for hydrogen bonding fluid system of A_aD_d type (I): The geometrical phase transition

The influence of hydrogen bonds on the physical and chemical properties of hydrogen bonding fluid system of AaDd type is investigated from two viewpoints by the principle of statistical mechanics. In detail, we proposed two new ways that can be used to obtain the equilibrium size distribution of the hydrogen bonding clusters, and derived the analytical expression of a relationship between the hydrogen bonding free energy and hydrogen bonding degree. For the nonlinear hydrogen bonding systems, it is shown that the sol-gel phase transition can take place under proper conditions, which is further proven to be a kind of geometrical phase transition rather than a thermodynamic one. Moreover, several problems associated with the geometrical phase transition and liquid-solid phase transition in nonlinear hydrogen bonding systems are discussed.     

Fluorescent dye guest-host effects in advanced ferroelectric liquid crystals

Previous work has shown that guest-host ferroelectric systems incorporating dichroically absorbing dyes are suitable for use in colour display applications. These utilize either the dichroic absorption of a conventional dye, or the emission of a fluorescent dye. We present here the electrooptical properties of several advanced ferroelectric liquid crystals doped with a new fluorescent dye, coloured blue in emission. The data consists of measurements of tilt angle, response time, spontaneous polarization, and rotational viscosity, from which we conclude that certain hosts are not adversely affected by the fluorescent dopants. These results are then discussed in connection with the use of these mixtures in two novel colour display configurations, which are also presented, utilizing either the dichroic absorption or the polarized fluorescence of the fluorophore guests.     

Laser cooling of 171Yb+ ions in a linear paul trap

We report laser cooling of trapped ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ ions. The ions are confined in a linear Paul trap. Temperatures below 1 K have been achieved, and evidence of a phase transition to a crystal-like state has been observed. The metastable ² D _3/2 level is drained using a transition at 609.1 nm not previously used for this purpose. Laser cooling of ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ may be of importance to the development of new microwave frequency standards.     

Photomechanically induced phase transitions in ferroelectric liquid crystals

We demonstrate that the addition of small amounts of a novel azo-dye to a ferroelectric liquid crystal and illumination with low intensity (∼ 0.8 mW cm^-2) UV light can result in reversible, isothermal phase transitions and dramatic changes in the properties of the system. In particular we examine light induced transitions between the S*₁, and S*_C phases and the consequent photomechanical regulation of spontaneous polarization.     

Structural characterization of linear dimeric and cyclic tetrameric liquid crystalline siloxane derivatives

The phase behaviour and the structural characterization of a new series of linear dimeric and cyclic tetrameric molecules which contain three distinct parts, a cyanobiphenyl aromatic core (A), a paraffin chain (P) and a central siloxane group (B) with the A-P-B-P-A sequence, are described. Incompatible with one another, these parts tend to locate themselves in three separate sub-layers superposed in a partially bilayered smectic A structure. Each sub-layer adapts its internal structure in order to be appropriate for superposition, as in the case of organosiloxane molecules with the A-P-B sequence reported previously.