Genetic algorithm-based design method for multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings

We developed a method for the design of multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings based on a genetic algorithm. The method is used to design the multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings based on input data that represent the output from the required grating. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated by designing a multilevel anisotropic diffraction grating using the outputs from an orthogonal circular polarization grating. The design results corresponded to the orthogonal circular polarization grating structures that were used to provide outputs to act as the input data for the process. Comparison with existing design methods shows that the proposed method can reduce the number of human processes that are required to design multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings. Additionally, the method will be able to design complex structures without any requirement for subsequent examination by a human designer. The method can contribute to the development of optical elements by designing multilevel anisotropic diffraction gratings.     

Spectral emissivity of type E235B low carbon structural steel with different roughnesses

A self-built experimental apparatus was employed to study the spectral emissivity of type E235B low carbon structural steel in the wavelength range 2–15 μm at different temperatures by energy comparison method. The surface roughness and topography of the steel E235B were determined by a roughness tester and a scanning electron microscopy, respectively. And then, the spectral emissivity of steel E235B with six different roughnesses was measured before and after oxidation. The measurement results showed that the spectral emissivity increased with the increasing temperature and surface roughness before oxidation. The effect of roughness on the spectral emissivity is different at different wavelength and temperature ranges. However, the oscillatory behavior of the spectral emissivity was observed after oxidation. To explore the possible reasons for emissivity variation, the changes of surface roughness and optical roughness were investigated after oxidation. It is found that both the surface roughness and optical roughness increased after oxidation. Although the optical roughness can be used as one of the parameters to evaluate the effect of surface roughness on the spectral emissivity, it is insufficient to describe the effect of surface morphology on the spectral emissivity.     

Numerical analysis of electronic conductivity in graphene with resonant adsorbates: comparison of monolayer and Bernal bilayer

We describe the electronic conductivity, as a function of the Fermi energy, in the Bernal bilayer graphene (BLG) in presence of a random distribution of vacancies that simulate resonant adsorbates. We compare it to monolayer (MLG) with the same defect concentrations. These transport properties are related to the values of fundamental length scales such as the elastic mean free path L _e , the localization length ξ and the inelastic mean free path L _i . Usually the later, which reflect the effect of inelastic scattering by phonons, strongly depends on temperature T. In BLG an additional characteristic distance l ₁ exists which is the typical traveling distance between two interlayer hopping events. We find that when the concentration of defects is smaller than 1%–2%, one has l ₁ ≤ L _e ? ξ and the BLG has transport properties that differ from those of the MLG independently of L _i (T). Whereas for larger concentration of defects L _e <l ₁ ? ξ, and depending on L _i (T), the transport in the BLG can be equivalent (or not) to that of two decoupled MLG. We compare two tight-binding model Hamiltonians with and without hopping beyond the nearest neighbors.     

Decompositions of injection patterns for nodal flow allocation in renewable electricity networks

The large-scale integration of fluctuating renewable power generation represents a challenge to the technical and economical design of a sustainable future electricity system. In this context, the increasing significance of long-range power transmission calls for innovative methods to understand the emerging complex flow patterns and to integrate price signals about the respective infrastructure needs into the energy market design. We introduce a decomposition method of injection patterns. Contrary to standard flow tracing approaches, it provides nodal allocations of link flows and costs in electricity networks by decomposing the network injection pattern into market-inspired elementary import/export building blocks. We apply the new approach to a simplified data-driven model of a European electricity grid with a high share of renewable wind and solar power generation.