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141.
The enantioselective synthesis of three structurally distinct classes of lignan from a single, aza-Claisen-derived, chiral morpholine amide is reported. The class of lignan formed is dependent on the substitution pattern in the aryl rings and choice of protecting group on a key benzylic hydroxyl group. The methodology has been used to asymmetrically synthesize and determine the absolute stereochemistry of lignans (+)-cyclogalgravin 3, (-)-pycnanthulignene A 4, (-)-pycnanthulignene B 5, and (-)-kadangustin J 8. 相似文献
142.
An electrochemical route for the fabrication of zinc, titanium and silicon nanowires from ionic liquid (IL) based plating solutions is presented. Thanks to the large potential window of IL and good solubility of the corresponding anhydrous chloride salts, the presented method proceeds by a kinetically controlled electrochemical decoration of step-edges at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. Resulting rather crystalline nanowires are more than a few hundreds of μm long while their diameter can be controlled in the 10 to 100 nm range by the electrolysis duration. 相似文献
143.
Vallance C 《Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP》2011,13(32):14427-14441
The gas phase is generally defined as a state of matter in which atoms or molecules are in constant, rapid, random Brownian motion. However, a range of techniques exist for preparing distributions of gas phase atoms and molecules whose motion is far from random, and whose orientation in space is well defined. In this Perspective, we will explore the nature of atomic and molecular alignment and orientation, the various techniques by which samples of spatially oriented species may be prepared and characterised, and some of the ways in which oriented molecules are being exploited to further our knowledge of molecular structure and dynamics. 相似文献
144.
Associated with a finite-dimensional algebra of global dimension at most 2, a generalized cluster category was introduced in Amiot (2009) [1]. It was shown to be triangulated, and 2-Calabi–Yau when it is Hom-finite. By definition, the cluster categories of Buan et al. (2006) [4] are a special case. In this paper we show that a large class of 2-Calabi–Yau triangulated categories, including those associated with elements in Coxeter groups from Buan et al. (2009) [7], are triangle equivalent to generalized cluster categories. This was already shown for some special elements in Amiot (2009) [1]. 相似文献
145.
Mathematische Zeitschrift - We show that if the base frequency is Diophantine, then the Lyapunov exponent of a $$C^{k}$$ quasi-periodic $$SL(2,{\mathbb {R}})$$ cocycle is... 相似文献
146.
Claire Gervais Jaap J. Boon Federica Marone Ester S. B. Ferreira 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2013,111(1):31-38
The study of the early oeuvre of the Swiss painter Cuno Amiet (1868–1961) has revealed that, up to 1907, many of his grounds were hand applied and are mainly composed of chalk, bound in protein. These grounds are not only lean and absorbent, but also, as Synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography has shown, porous. Our approach to the characterization of pore structure and quantity, their connectivity, and homogeneity is based on image segmentation and application of a clustering algorithm to high-resolution X-ray tomographic data. The issues associated with the segmentation of the different components of a ground sample based on X-ray imaging data are discussed. The approach applied to a sample taken from “Portrait of Max Leu” (1899) by Amiet revealed the presence of three sublayers within the ground with distinct porosity features, which had not been observed optically in cross-section. The upper and lower layers are highly porous with important connectivity and thus prone to water uptake/storage. The middle layer however shows low and nonconnected porosity at the resolution level of the X-ray tomography images, so that few direct water absorption paths through the entire sample exist. The potential of the method to characterize porosity and to understand moisture-related issues in paint layer degradation are discussed. 相似文献
147.
Emmanuelle Canet Didier Revel Rmy Forrat Claire Baldy-Porcher Michel de Lorgeril Laurent Sebbag Jean-Paul Vallee Dominique Didier Michel Amiel 《Magnetic resonance imaging》1993,11(8):1139-1145
Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) are usually referred to as T2 MR contrast agents, reducing signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted MR images (negative enhancement). This study reports the original use of SPIOs as T1-enhancing contrast agents, primarily assessed in vitro, and then applied to an in vivo investigation of a myocardial perfusion defect. Using a strongly T1-weighted subsecond MR sequence with SPIOs intravenous (IV) bolus injection, MR imaging of myocardial vascularization after reperfusion was performed, on a dog model of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. Immediately after the intravenous bolus injection of 20 μmol/kg of SPIOs, a positive signal intensity enhancement was observed respectively, in the right and left ventricular cavity and in the nonischemic left myocardium. Moreover, compared to normal myocardium, the remaining ischemic myocardial region (anterior wall of the left ventricle) appeared as a lower and delayed SI enhancing area (cold spot). Mean peak SIE in the nonischemic myocardium (posterior wall) was significantly higher than in the ischemic myocardium (anterior wall) (110 ± 23% vs. 74 ± 22%, Mann-Whitney test < 1%, n1 = 6, n2 − n1 = 0, U > 2). In conclusion, the T1 effect of SPIOs at low dose, during their first intravascular distribution, suggests their potential use as positive markers to investigate the regional myocardial blood flow and some perfusion defects such as the “no-reflow phenomenon”. 相似文献
148.
A synthesis of model DEF-rings of the polyketide anti tumor natural products FR182877 and hexacyclinic acid has been achieved. The key steps in the synthesis are an intramolecular Pd(0) catalyzed allylic substitution reaction, which was used to generate a 9-membered carbocycle, and a novel transannular iodocyclization reaction which furnished the DF-rings of both natural products. 相似文献
149.
150.
While the striking structures (e.g. nest architecture, trail networks) of insect societies may seem familiar to many of us, the understanding of pattern formation still constitutes a challenging problem. Over the last two decades, self-organization has dramatically changed our view on how collective decision-making and structures may emerge out of a population of ant workers having each their own individuality as well as a limited access to information. A variety of collective behaviour spontaneously outcome from multiple interactions between nestmates, even when there is no directing influence imposed by an external template, a pacemaker or a leader. By focussing this review on foraging structures, we show that ant societies display some properties which are usually considered in physico-chemical systems, as typical signatures of self-organization. We detail the key role played by feed-back loops, fluctuations, number of interacting units and sensitivity to environmental factors in the emergence of a structured collective behaviour. Nonetheless, going beyond simple analogies with non-living self-organized patterns, we stress on the specificities of social structures made of complex living units of which the biological features have been selected throughout the evolution depending on their adaptive value. In particular, we consider the ability of each ant individual to process information about environmental and social parameters, to accordingly tune its interactions with nestmates and ultimately to determine the final pattern emerging at the collective level. We emphasize on the parsimony and simplicity of behavioural rules at the individual level which allow an efficient processing of information, energy and matter within the whole colony. 相似文献