锂离子电池SnS2基负极材料

随着应用范围的逐渐扩大,锂离子电池对具有高比容量、长循环寿命以及优异倍率性能的新型正负极材料的需求日益迫切。SnS₂材料因具有独特的层状结构和高的理论比容量而被视作潜在的高比容量负极材料,但其也存在首次不可逆容量较大、导电率低、充放电过程中体积变化较大等问题。本文综述了SnS₂负极材料的研究历程以及最新研究进展,介绍了SnS₂负极材料的基本性质,具体论述了SnS₂电化学性能改进的相关措施,主要包括控制纳米SnS₂微观形貌、制备SnS₂/C及SnS₂/氧化物复合材料、掺杂、一体化电极以及优化粘结剂等。文章同时总结了水热（溶剂热）法各工艺参数（原料种类、浓度、比例、溶液pH值、水热温度及时间等）对制备SnS₂纳米材料及SnS₂/C复合材料形貌结构及电化学性能的影响,并对目前SnS₂材料仍然存在的问题进行了分析。研究表明,通过制备片状、花状等高比表面积的SnS₂纳米材料,可明显提升其循环性能;将石墨烯等碳材料与SnS₂复合,有助于提高材料的结构稳定性及导电性,进而改善电极的循环及倍率性能。经工艺优化后的SnS₂/graphene复合材料具有高的比容量（大于1000 mAh/g）、稳定的循环性能和优秀的倍率特性,是一种非常有研究价值的高比容量锂离子电池负极材料。     

在线实时直接分析离子源的研制

本文介绍了自制的常温常压下在线实时直接分析(Direct analysis in real-time,DART)离子源的原理及结构。在国内首次成功研制DART离子源,利用其对空气中挥发的丙酮和香烟侧流烟气进行电离,通过自制高分辨率垂直引入飞行时间质谱仪(Orthogonal-injection time-of-flight mass spectrometer,O-TOF-MS)进行分析和检测,得到丙酮分子峰及团簇峰和香烟烟气中尼古丁等大部分有害成分。实验结果表明,自制DART离子源能有效地对样品进行电离,使质谱仪器的质量半峰宽分辨率优于半高宽(Full width at half maximum,FWHM)6881,达到自制DART离子源的设计及实验分析要求。     

水相合成近红外CdTe量子点用于体液中硫醇的检测

通过降低反应物中L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)的比例,在水相快速合成了近红外CdTe量子点,使之对巯基化合物产生荧光响应. 并以此构建了一种基于表面配体缺失的CdTe近红外荧光量子点的巯基探针,为生物样品中的硫醇检测提供简便经济、高灵敏度和高选择性的新方法. 在其它多种氨基酸和生物液体中主要离子、分子共存的情况下,我们所制备的近红外量子点对L-Cys、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的荧光检测中显示了良好的选择性和灵敏度. 在血清和细胞提取液中,加标5.0 μmol·L^-1硫醇的回收率均在90%～109%范围内. 该方法对L-Cys,Hcy和GSH的检出限(3s)分别为43,46和63 nmol·L^-1.     

异质结界面修饰对TiO2/P3HT杂化太阳电池光电性能的增强作用

采用水热法在F-SnO₂(FTO)导电玻璃上制备了一维TiO₂纳米棒阵列, 将一种两亲有机三苯胺染料M分子吸附在其表面, 进而旋涂有机聚合物聚3-己基噻吩P3HT, 构建结构为FTO/TiO₂/M/P3HT/PEDOT:PSS/Au的杂化太阳电池. 瞬态光电流谱反映在杂化电极中存在pn异质结. 接触角测试表明TiO₂表面吸附有机M分子后, 亲水性表面转变为疏水性表面, 利于与聚合物P3HT的进一步接触; 稳态荧光发射光谱表明经修饰的杂化电极的荧光发射强度降低, 由荧光衰减曲线拟合得到的荧光寿命降低, 说明在TiO₂与P3HT之间存在有效的电荷转移, 电荷复合被抑制. 电化学阻抗分析表明界面修饰后电子复合电阻和电子寿命增大. 电池的特性参数均比界面修饰前有所提高, 光电转换效率为1.61%. 另外, 对该电池的工作机理、电荷传输过程进行了初步探讨.     

Dipole‐Induced Band‐Gap Reduction in an Inorganic Cage

Metal‐doped polyoxotitanium cages are a developing class of inorganic compounds which can be regarded as nano‐ and sub‐nano sized molecular relatives of metal‐doped titania nanoparticles. These species can serve as models for the ways in which dopant metal ions can be incorporated into metal‐doped titania (TiO₂), a technologically important class of photocatalytic materials with broad applications in devices and pollution control. In this study a series of cobalt(II)‐containing cages in the size range ca. 0.7–1.3 nm have been synthesized and structurally characterized, allowing a coherent study of the factors affecting the band gaps in well‐defined metal‐doped model systems. Band structure calculations are consistent with experimental UV/Vis measurements of the Ti_xO_y absorption edges in these species and reveal that molecular dipole moment can have a profound effect on the band gap. The observation of a dipole‐induced band‐gap decrease mechanism provides a potentially general design strategy for the formation of low band‐gap inorganic cages.     

Solvent‐Driven Chiral‐Interaction Reversion for Organogel Formation

For chiral gels and related applications, one of the critical issues is how to modulate the stereoselective interaction between the gel and the chiral guest precisely, as well as how to translate this information into the macroscopic properties of materials. Herein, we report that this process can also be modulated by nonchiral solvents, which can induce a chiral‐interaction reversion for organogel formation. This process could be observed through the clear difference in gelation speed and the morphology of the resulting self‐assembly. This chiral effect was successfully applied in the selective separation of quinine enantiomers and imparts “smart” merits to the gel materials.     

‘Ligand-free’ palladium-catalyzed direct C–H bond oxidative acyloxylation of 2-arylpyridines with aromatic carboxylic acids

A palladium-catalyzed direct C–H bond oxidative acyloxylation of 2-arylpyridines with aromatic carboxylic acids is described. Several 2-arylpyridines derivatives and aromatic carboxylic acids participate in the reaction, providing a series of mono-acyloxylated products in moderate to good yields. Importantly, the reaction can be conducted without using any ligands in a lower temperature.     

Size-controllable synthesis of spherical ZnO nanoparticles: Size- and concentration-dependent resonant light scattering

A new and simple direct precipitation method assisted with ultrasonic agitation was proposed for the preparation of spherical ZnO nanoparticles. The size of the ZnO nanoparticles, 10 nm to 85 nm, was tuned through controlling the calcination temperature and changing the ratio of the reactants. The resonant light scattering (RLS) of the ZnO nanoparticles dispersed/suspended in aqueous solution of Triton X-100 was studied under room temperature. It was found that the ZnO nanoparticles of different size or concentration all have a characteristic RLS peak at 387 nm. Under optimal conditions, the RLS intensity was proportional to the ZnO concentration in the range of 7.3 × 10^?8–1 × 10^?4 mol L^?1, while the cubic root of the RLS intensity was found to be proportional to the size of ZnO nanoparticles. Further, the quantitative relationship of the size of the ZnO nanoparticles versus the calcination temperature was derived, and this could be used to forecast/control the nano-size in the nano-ZnO preparation.