多金核二氧化铈空心球用于硝基苯酚催化加氢

催化剂的微观结构在催化还原反应、有机物氧化反应及有机物转化反应中起着关键作用。本文利用无模板方法合成了多金核中空二氧化铈微球催化剂。将制备好的二氧化铈中空微球浸渍到一定浓度的氯金酸溶液中,然后多次洗涤除去表面吸附的氯金酸离子,最后通过硼氢化钠还原制成中空氧化铈微球包覆的多金核的核壳结构催化剂。将该核壳结构材料用于硝基苯酚加氢反应与金纳米粒子及氧化铈微球相比,多金核中空二氧化铈核壳结构表现出优越的活性和稳定性。通过这种浸渍洗涤再还原的简单方法合成的多金核二氧化铈催化剂有望应用于生物医药和能源环境等领域。     

Cu2+改性g-C3N4光催化剂的光催化性能

Photocatalytic technology can effectively solve the problem of increasingly serious water pollution, the core of which is the design and synthesis of highly efficient photocatalytic materials. Semiconductor photocatalysts are currently the most widely used photocatalysts. Among these is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), which has great potential in environment management and the development of new energy owing to its low cost, easy availability, unique band structure, and good thermal stability. However, the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄ remains low because of problems such as wide bandgap, weakly absorb visible light, and the high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. Among various modification strategies, doping modification is an effective and simple method used to improve the photocatalytic performance of materials. In this work, Cu/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were successfully prepared by incorporating Cu²⁺ into g-C₃N₄ to further optimize photocatalytic performance. At the same time, the structure, morphology, and optical and photoelectric properties of Cu/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoelectric tests. XRD and XPS were used to ensure that the prepared photocatalysts were Cu/g-C₃N₄ and the valence state of Cu was in the form of Cu²⁺. Under visible light irradiation, the photocatalytic activity of Cu/g-C₃N₄ and pure g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were investigated in terms of the degradation of RhB and CIP by comparing the amount of introduced copper ions. The experimental results showed that the degradation ability of Cu/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts was stronger than that of pure g-C₃N₄. The N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms of g-C₃N₄ and Cu/g-C₃N₄ demonstrated that the introduction of copper had little effect on the microstructure of g-C₃N₄. The small difference in specific surface area indicates that the enhanced photocatalytic activity may be attributed to the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. Therefore, the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of RhB and CIP over Cu/g-C₃N₄ may be due to the reduction of carrier recombination rate by copper. The photoelectric test showed that the incorporation of Cu²⁺ into g-C₃N₄ could reduce the electron-hole recombination rate of g-C₃N₄ and accelerate the separation of electron-hole pairs, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity of Cu/g-C₃N₄. Free radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance indicated that the synergistic effect of superoxide radicals (O₂^•−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and holes could increase the photocatalytic activity of Cu/g-C₃N₄ materials.     

光电催化二氧化碳还原研究进展

CO_2是最常见的化合物,作为潜在的碳一资源,可用于制备多种高附加值的化学品,如一氧化碳、甲烷、甲醇、甲酸等。传统的热催化转化CO_2方法能耗高,反应条件苛刻。因此,如何在温和条件下高效地将CO_2转化成高附加值的化学品,一直以来是催化领域的研究热点和难点之一。光催化技术反应条件温和、绿色环保。然而,纯光催化反应普遍存在太阳能利用效率有限,光生载流子分离效率低等问题。针对上述问题,在光催化的基础上引入电催化,可以提高载流子的分离效率,在较低的过电位下,实现多电子、质子向CO_2转移,从而提高催化反应效率。总之,光电催化技术可以结合光催化和电催化的优势,提高CO_2催化还原反应效率,为清洁、绿色利用CO_2提供了一种新方法。本文依据光电催化CO_2还原反应基本过程,从光吸收、载流子分离和界面反应等三个角度综述了光电催化反应的基本强化策略,并对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

具有优异甲醇耐受性的Rh掺杂PdCu有序金属间化合物纳米粒子增强氧还原电催化

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), as one of the important energy conversion devices, are of great interest in the fields of energy, catalysis and materials. However, the application of DMFCs is presently challenged because of the limited activity and durability of cathode catalysts as well as the poisoning issues caused by methanol permeation to the cathode during operation. Herein, we report a new class of Rh-doped PdCu nanoparticles (NPs) with ordered intermetallic structure for enhancing the activity and durability of the cathode for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and achieving superior methanol tolerance. The disordered Rh-doped PdCu NPs can be prepared via a simple wet-chemical method, followed by annealing to convert it to ordered phases. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), power X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) successfully demonstrate the formation of near-spherical NPs with an average size of 6.5 ± 0.5 nm and the conversion of the phase structure. The complete phase transition temperatures of Rh-doped PdCu NPs and PdCu are 500 and 400 ℃, respectively. The molar ratio of Rh/Pd/Cu in the as-synthesized Rh-doped PdCu NPs is 5/48/47. Benefitting from Rh doping and the presence of the ordered intermetallic structure, the Rh-doped PdCu intermetallic electrocatalyst achieves the maximum ORR mass activity of 0.96 A·mg^-1 at 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under alkaline conditions—a 7.4-fold enhancement compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. For different electrocatalysts, the ORR activities follow the sequence, ordered Rh-doped PdCu intermetallics > ordered PdCu intermetallics > disordered Rh-doped PdCu NPs > disordered PdCu NPs > commercial Pt/C catalyst. In addition, the distinct structure endows the Rh-doped PdCu intermetallics with highly stable ORR durability with unaltered half-wave potential (E_1/2) and mass activity after continuous 20000 cycles, which are higher than those of other electrocatalysts. Furthermore, the E_1/2 of the Rh-doped PdCu intermetallics decreases by only 5 mV after adding 0.5 mol·L^-1 methanol to the electrolyte, while the commercial Pt/C catalyst negatively shifts by 235 mV and a distinct oxidation peak can be observed. The results indicate that the ORR activity of the Rh-doped PdCu intermetallic electrocatalyst can be well maintained even in the presence of poisoning environment. Our results have demonstrated that Rh-doped PdCu NPs with ordered intermetallic structures is a potential electrocatalyst toward the next-generation high-performance DMFCs.     

叶丝在增温增湿与滚筒烘丝工序中香味组分变化分析

该文研究了制丝线增温增湿和滚筒烘丝工序加工对叶丝香味组分的影响,采用溶剂超声萃取前处理结合GC-MS法测定叶丝的香味组分,并对SIROX增温增湿工序和滚筒烘丝工序前后叶丝香味组分的相对含量进行了分析,比较了工序前后、工序间香味组分的变化趋势。结果显示:①经SIROX增温增湿工序加工后,乙酸、苯甲醇等18种组分相对含量减少,糠醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮等6种组分相对含量增加;②经滚筒烘丝工序加工后,乙酸、麦芽酚等14种组分相对含量减少,糠醇、糠醛等6种组分相对含量增加;③经增温增湿及滚筒烘丝两工序后,乙酸、2,3-丁二醇等23种组分相对含量减少,糠醇、2,4-二羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃-3-酮等4种组分相对含量增加;④两工序间的温度、湿度剧烈变化,使叶丝内部组分发生了美拉德反应、降解反应、挥发等,香味组分经两个工序后发生了一系列显著变化。该研究对提升卷烟产品质量、优化工艺参数、开发高质量产品具有重要意义。     

单碱基多样性的非测序检测

单碱基多样性（SNP）是最常见的基因突变形式之一,经研究证明与很多疾病相关。虽然测序是检测SNP的重要方法,但其需要检测仪器,且检测时间较长,限制了其临床应用。本文综述了SNP的常见非测序分析方法。首先讨论了检测的热力学问题,并归纳了主要的检测策略：基于杂交的检测,基于链取代反应的检测和酶介导的检测。在三维均相检测方法中,主要介绍了不同信号开关策略,如荧光开关、酶识别开关和场效应开关。三维原位检测不仅能检测SNP,还能提供其细胞定位信息,在细胞异质性较高时更具优势。二维界面检测的识别反应速率和杂交效率受到一定影响,但界面检测能进一步减小干扰,亦便于实现高通量检测。以DNA正四面体探针界面为代表的改良界面具有优良的灵敏度和特异性。同时本文亦讨论了现有方法的局限性,并对SNP非测序检测研究进行展望。     

Cyclodextrin derivatives functionalized highly sensitive chiral sensor based on organic field-effect transistor

Novel highly sensitive chiral organic field-effect transistors(COFET)were developed by directly assembling imidazolium3,5-dimethylphenylcabamoylated-β-cyclodextrin(lm^+-Ph-β-CD)and 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamoylated-β-CD(Ph-β-CD)respectively onto the semiconductor layer as sensing units.The Im+-Ph-β-CD/COFET afforded better enantioselectivity and a lowest detection concentration of10^-18 L/mol as well as the potentiality in quantitative analysis of commercial medicines.     

Fabrication of Pascal-triangle Lattice of Proteins by Inducing Ligand Strategy

A protein Pascal triangle has been constructed as new type of supramolecular architecture by using the inducing ligand strategy that we previously developed for protein assemblies. Although mathematical studies on this famous geometry have a long history, no work on such Pascal triangles fabricated from native proteins has been reported so far due to their structural complexity. In this work, by carefully tuning the specific interactions between the native protein building block WGA and the inducing ligand R-SL , a 2D Pascal-triangle lattice with three types of triangular voids has been assembled. Moreover, a 3D crystal structure was obtained based on the 2D Pascal triangles. The distinctive carbohydrate binding sites of WGA and the intralayer as well as interlayer dimerization of RhB was the key to facilitate nanofabrication in solution. This strategy may be applied to prepare and explore various sophisticated assemblies based on native proteins.     

A Non-Conjugated Polymer Acceptor for Efficient and Thermally Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells

A non-conjugated polymer acceptor PF1-TS4 was firstly synthesized by embedding a thioalkyl segment in the mainchain, which shows excellent photophysical properties on par with a fully conjugated polymer, with a low optical band gap of 1.58 eV and a high absorption coefficient >10⁵ cm⁻¹, a high LUMO level of −3.89 eV, and suitable crystallinity. Matched with the polymer donor PM6, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.63 %, which is ≈45 % higher than that of a device based on the small molecule acceptor counterpart IDIC16. Moreover, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC has good thermal stability with ≈70 % of its initial PCE retained after being stored at 85 °C for 180 h, while the IDIC16-based device only retained ≈50 % of its initial PCE when stored at 85 °C for only 18 h. Our work provides a new strategy to develop efficient polymer acceptor materials by linkage of conjugated units with non-conjugated thioalkyl segments.     

Engineering Bifunctional Host Materials of Sulfur and Lithium-Metal Based on Nitrogen-Enriched Polyacrylonitrile for Li–S Batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) still suffer from the shuttle effect on the cathode and the lithium dendrite on the anode. Herein, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is developed into a bifunctional host material to simultaneously address the challenges faced on both the sulfur cathode and lithium anode in LSBs. For the sulfur cathode, PAN is bonded with sulfur to produce sulfurized PAN (SPAN) to avoid the shuttle effect. The SPAN is accommodated into a conductive 3D CNTs-wrapped carbon foam to prepare a self-supporting cathode, which improves the electronic and ionic conductivity, and buffers the volume expansion. Thereby, it delivers reversible capacity, superb rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability. For the Li-metal anode, PAN aerogel is carbonized to give macroporous N-doped cross-linked carbon nanofiber that behaves as a lithiophilic host to regulate Li plating and suppress the growth of Li dendrite. Combining the improvements for both the cathode and anode realizes a remarkable long-term cyclability (765 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles) in a full cell. It provides new opportunity to propel the practical application of advanced LSBs.