高效钼基催化剂上正丁烯自歧化生成乙烯和己烯（英文）

烯烃歧化反应(又称烯烃复分解反应)是两分子烯烃通过碳-碳键断裂重排生成新烯烃分子的反应,自1964年Phillips公司的Banks等发现以来,引起了研究者的广泛关注,且在均相催化体系的发展尤为迅速;与此同时,多相烯烃歧化催化剂因其在分离简单、可循环再生利用方面的优势而在工业界崭露锋芒.多相烯烃歧化催化剂通常由活性金属组分(Re,Mo,W)分散到大比表面积的多孔载体制备而成.多相催化剂上烯烃歧化反应主要集中在乙烯和2-丁烯反歧化制丙烯反应,其中WO_3/SiO_2催化剂先后应用于Phillips公司的Triolefin Process和ABB Lummus公司的OCT工艺,低温Re系催化剂被法国石油研究院应用到Meta-4歧化工艺.同时丙烯歧化也是研究最多的反应,多数情况下被用作探针反应来研究催化剂的性能.烯烃歧化反应可以根据市场需求灵活调变产物分布,为碳四烃类的高效转化利用提供很好的途径.受国内拉动内需的政策及下游应用行业强劲需求的影响,中国液化石油气的产量逐年递增.2014年我国液化气产量约为2550万吨,其中仅有39%左右用于碳四深加工,大部分当做燃料直接烧掉.从组成来看,液化气中烯烃含量在40%-50%,可以转化为高附加值的乙烯和丙烯进一步利用.本文重点开发了一条从1-丁烯出发生产乙烯/己烯的反应路线及对应的催化剂.首先从热力学角度分析了碳四歧化反应网络中各反应路径发生的难易程度.在此基础上,以Mo/Al_2O_3为催化剂考察了Mo负载量和反应条件对产物分布的影响-.在优化的6Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂上,80°C,1.0 MPa和丁烯空速3 h1的条件下,产物中乙烯和己烯的摩尔选择性超过85%,并且在48 h内保持良好的反应稳定性.为了进一步探究催化剂结构与反应性能的关系,系统考察了催化剂载体差异对Mo物种状态和反应性能的影响.借助N2吸附,NH_3-TPD,Py-IR,H_2-TPR,UV-Vis和HRTEM等表征手段,发现催化剂反应活性与其酸密度直接相关.催化剂酸量越大,丁烯转化率越高,但副反应越多;载体适宜的酸量和较大的比表面积更有利于钼物种的分散和四配位钼物种的形成,促进目标1-丁烯自歧化制乙烯/己烯反应的发生.     

高分散Ru/FeOx催化剂在二氧化碳选择加氢反应中的应用及其催化活性的调控

由于化石能源的大量开采和利用造成CO2过度排放,从而导致严重的温室效应和气候环境问题,给人类生存带来极大威胁.CO2选择加氢反应可以将CO2催化加氢生成高附加值的CO产物.与其他的CO2转化反应策略相比,该过程中H2的消耗更少,成为可有效处理及转化CO2的手段之一.同时,应尽可能抑制CO2深度加氢以及甲烷的产生,研制及设计具有高CO选择性的新型高效催化剂及其构效关系的分析仍十分重要.据报道,负载型贵金属基催化剂的使用有利于H2分子的活化,具有优异的催化活性,因而广泛应用于多种催化反应中.然而,贵金属催化剂实现工业应用的最大挑战是资源的限制及其高额的成本.近年来,由贵金属制备的负载型亚纳米团簇受到广泛关注,主要包括如Au,Pt,Pd,Ru等贵金属,可有效应用于多相催化反应.人们还致力于提高负载型亚纳米团簇的分散度,促进催化剂活性位点的有效暴露,有利于大幅度提高催化剂的有效利用率.本文采用共沉淀法成功制备了超高分散的负载型Ru基催化剂,通过CO2选择加氢-程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和质谱联用技术测试了催化剂性能,发现CO2加氢反应生成CO选择性达100%.采用XRD,BET和TEM等方法对催化剂结构进行表征,并结合H2-TPR,H2-TPD和XPS等表征结果深入探讨了催化剂构效关系,并提出了针对该催化剂体系较为合理的反应模型.在CO2选择加氢反应的催化性能测试中,2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂对目标产物CO选择性仅为41%; 随着Ru负载量降低至0.25%和0.1%时,CO选择性明显提高至80%; 当进一步降低Ru含量至0.01%时,CO选择性接近100%,且表现出优异的反应速率.在360 oC时,0.01%Ru/FeOx催化剂的相对反应速率为7.71 molCO2molRu-1 min-1,是2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂相对反应速率的154倍.H2-TPR结果表明,贵金属Ru可以明显促进载体FeOx的还原,并产生丰富的氧空位,进而促进CO2的吸附、活化.而且CO2选择加氢TPSR结果显示,目标产物CO的起始生成温度总是滞后于原料H2的初始活化温度,与H2-TPR结果及文献报道的CO2选择加氢反应机理一致.通过H2-TPD深入理解H2在催化剂表面的活化和氢溢流现象,以及Hads与不同催化剂之间的相互作用力,0.01%Ru/FeOx催化剂相对较高的H2脱附峰温度表明,该样品中Ru与Hads具有极强的相互作用力,相对抑制了Hads与COads深入加氢生成CH4,从而提高了CO选择性,而2.50%Ru/FeOx催化剂的情况则与此相反.本文提出了从Hads吸附作用力强弱来考虑CO2选择加氢反应选择性的新思路,同时为设计CO2选择加氢制高附加值CO的高催化反应速率、高CO选择性的高分散Ru基催化剂提供了一种经济简易的催化剂设计思路.     

A multifunctional blue phase liquid crystal lens based on multi-electrode structure

A blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC) lens with multifunction using multi-electrode structure and a dielectric layer with high dielectric constant is proposed. The refractive index of the BPLC can be changed flexibly in different regions. Some functional or technical requirements such as switch between positive and negative lenses can be achieved. The lens reveals a good parabolic refractive index distribution and focus adjustment capacity simultaneously. The applied voltage on the electrodes is regular and computable. To decrease the applied voltage of the proposed lens with a large diameter, a drive-type adopted Fresnel lens is introduced.     

高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中4种禁用醛酮化合物

建立了同时测定化妆品中4种禁用醛酮化合物(巴豆醛、苯乙酮、2,4-二羟基-3-甲基苯甲醛和2-亚戊基环己酮)的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。样品使用50%乙腈(体积比)溶液提取,经AQ-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离后,高效液相色谱/二极管阵列检测器检测,以保留时间和紫外吸收光谱定性,外标法定量,高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱法确证。结果表明,4种醛酮化合物在0.05~2.0 mg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均不小于0.999 9;方法检出限和定量下限分别为0.5~1.0 mg/kg和1.5~3.0 mg/kg。样品加标回收率为89.0%~106.7%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=6)为2.0%~6.9%。该方法准确可靠,适用于化妆品中4种禁用醛酮化合物的测定。     

AN IMPROVED ARC-LENGTH METHOD AND APPLICATION IN THE POST-BUCKLING ANALYSIS FOR COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

Based on the conventional arc- length method, an improved arc- length method with high-efficiency is proposed. The weighted modifications with respect to the variation of structural stiffness and extra-interpolation modification by using the information of known equilibrium points are introduced to improve the incremental arc- length . An approximate expansion method for the accumulated and expected arc-length is used to ensure the convergence at given load levels in large range of applications. Numerical results show that the improved arc-length method has well adaptability and higher efficiency in the post-buckling analysis of plates and sheik structures for tracing whole load-deflection path and obtaining the convergence values at any specified load levels.     

On the position of the upper limit temperature of homogeneous nucleation of precipitates in low concentrated Al?Zn alloys

The upper limit temperature T_hn of the onset of homogeneous nucleation of Guinier-Preston (GP) zones was determined for three Al Zn alloys with xZn = 4.5, 6.0 and 8.0 at.% by SAXS investigations (cooling from the range of homogeneity to various temperatures T_a and ageing at T_a). The results are T_hn = (95 ± 3) °C for xZn = 4.5 at.%, (118 ± 3) °C (6.0 at.%) and (154 ± 3) °C (8.0 at.%), respectively. The obtained results fit well the data known for the alloys with higher contents of Zn. It is stressed that one has to distinguish between T_hn, determined by isothermal measurements after a direct quench or cooling to the respective T_a, and the upper limit temperature T_rhn of the onset of the rapid homogeneous nucleation of GP zones (continuous cooling).     

Low molecular weight organogelators derived from threefold symmetric tricarbamates

A group of new low molecular weight organogelators based on threefold symmetric tricarbamate were synthesized and characterized. The tricarbamates with long alkyl chains were able to gelate a wide range of polar and nonpolar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and cyclohexane, generally at concentrations lower than 20 g/L. The best organogel formation was obtained using a threefold symmetric tricarbamate in n-dodecane, in which a sufficiently transparent gel was formed at the critical gelation concentration 1 g/L. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the tricarbamate in a nonpolar solvent benzene-d₆ was indicated by ¹H NMR spectra. Its maximum UV absorption was 11 nm higher in chloroform than in n-dodecane, and this red shift indicated increased conjugation between the benzene core and the carbamate substituents, which confirmed a change in its conformation from nonpolar to polar solvent. The self-assembling behavior of the tricarbamate in dilute solutions was investigated by TEM. Fiber-like networks were observed in a large range of solution concentrations.     

Synthesis and applications of low‐bandgap conjugated polymers containing phenothiazine donor and various benzodiazole acceptors for polymer solar cells

A series of soluble donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers comprising of phenothiazine donor and various benzodiazole acceptors (i.e., benzothiadiazole, benzoselenodiazole, and benzoxadiazole) sandwiched between hexyl‐thiophene linkers were designed, synthesized, and used for the fabrication of polymer solar cells (PSC). The effects of the benzodiazole acceptors on the thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of these low‐bandgap (LBG) polymers were investigated. These LBG polymers possessed large molecular weight (M_n) in the range of 3.85?5.13 × 10⁴ with high thermal decomposition temperatures, which demonstrated broad absorption in the region of 300?750 nm with optical bandgaps of 1.80?1.93 eV. Both the HOMO energy level (?5.38 to ?5.47 eV) and LUMO energy level (?3.47 to ?3.60 eV) of the LBG polymers were within the desirable range of ideal energy level. Under 100 mW/cm² of AM 1.5 white‐light illumination, bulk heterojunction PSC devices containing an active layer of electron donor polymers mixed with electron acceptor [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₁BM) or [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) in different weight ratios were investigated. The best performance of the PSC device was obtained by using polymer PP6DHTBT as an electron donor and PC₇₁BM as an acceptor in the weight ratio of 1:4, and a power conversion efficiency value of 1.20%, an open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) value of 0.75 V, a short‐circuit current (J_sc) value of 4.60 mA/cm², and a fill factor (FF) value of 35.0% were achieved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Effect of graded triple delta-doped sheets on the performance of GaAs based dual channel pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors

The characteristics of InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs dual channel pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (DCPHEMTs) with different graded triple delta-doped sheets are investigated and experimentally demonstrated. Based on a two-dimensional simulator of ATLAS, the band diagrams, electron densities and DC characteristics of studied devices are comprehensively analyzed. Due to the use of properly graded triple delta-doped sheets, good pinch-off and saturation characteristics, improved transport properties and wide current swing are obtained. For comparison, a practical DCPHEMT with good device performances is fabricated as well. It is found that the simulated data are in good agreement with experimental results.