Structure of tropical variability from a vertical mode perspective

A composite mesoscale precipitation event and a convectively coupled Kelvin wave produced by a diabatically accelerated cloud resolving model are compared. Special emphasis is placed on the vertical structure of density and moisture perturbations and the interaction of these perturbations with the composited dynamical fields. Both composites share the same general features, a gradual deepening and strengthening of convection followed by deep convection and a stratiform region, quite similar in character to observations and some recent idealized models. Composited frozen moist static energy (FMSE) perturbations are several times larger than virtual temperature perturbations, suggesting moisture is a dominant regulator of convection. An empirically derived two vertical mode decomposition of the dynamical and moisture fields is found to reproduce both composites quite well. The leading vertical modes of FMSE and virtual temperature variability are strongly correlated with the modes of vertical velocity variability; these correlations are strongest at near-zero time lags. Deep convection is associated with moistening in the lower and middle troposphere, while shallow convection is associated with a moist lower troposphere and dry middle and upper troposphere. To the extent that our numerical model is realistic, the empirical modal decomposition provides support for the use of two-mode idealized models for convective interaction with large-scale circulations and guidance for formulating feedbacks between convection and the thermodynamic profile in such models. The FMSE budget leads to an interpretation of the convective life-cycle as a recharge–discharge mechanism in column-integrated FMSE. The budget analysis places diabatic forcing, surface and radiative fluxes into the moist energetic framework. In particular, these fluxes are seen to prolong active convection, but play a passive role in its initiation. The modally decomposed FMSE budget highlights the dynamical importance of the second baroclinic mode in moistening the lower and middle troposphere before convective onset (recharging), and then discharging stored FMSE in the stratiform region.     

Early Membrane Responses to Magnetic Particles are Predictors of Particle Uptake in Neural Stem Cells

Magnetic particles (MPs) offer several advantages for neural cell therapy, but limited particle uptake by neural cells is a barrier to translation. It is recently proved that tailoring particle physicochemical properties (by enhancing their iron content) dramatically improves uptake in neural stem cells (NSCs)—a major transplant population. High‐throughput screening of particles with varying physicochemical properties can therefore aid in identifying particles with optimal uptake features, but research is hampered by the lack of simple methodologies for studying neural cell membrane responses to nanoparticle platforms. A high‐resolution–high throughput method has been used to study early membrane responses of primary rodent NSCs to particles of variant magnetite loading, to attempt to correlate these responses with known particle internalization profiles. Membrane imaging is enhanced through sequential staining with osmium (O) and thiocarbohydrazide (T), a method termed OTOTO, combined with field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A five‐point classification system was used to systematically evaluate early MP‐induced membrane responses to particles possessing distinct physicochemical properties. Significantly different profiles of membrane activation were noted that correlate with particle uptake profiles. It is suggested that our method can serve as a valuable predictor of particle internalization in neural cells for diverse particle platforms.     

Determination of trace sulfur in biodiesel and diesel standard reference materials by isotope dilution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A method is described for quantification of sulfur at low concentrations on the order of mg kg⁻¹ in biodiesel and diesel fuels using isotope dilution and sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-SF-ICP-MS). Closed vessel microwave-assisted digestion was employed using a diluted nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide decomposition medium to reduce sample dilution volumes. Medium resolution mode was employed to eliminate isobaric interferences at ³²S and ³⁴S related to polyatomic phosphorus and oxygen species, and sulfur hydride species. The method outlined yielded respective limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.7 mg kg⁻¹ S and 2.5 mg kg⁻¹ S (in the sample). The LOD was constrained by instrument background counts at ³²S but was sufficient to facilitate value assignment of total S mass fraction in NIST SRM 2723b Sulfur in Diesel Fuel Oil at 9.06 ± 0.13 mg kg⁻¹. No statistically significant difference at a 95% confidence level was observed between the measured and certified values for certified reference materials NIST SRM 2773 B100 Biodiesel (Animal-Based), CENAM DRM 272b and NIST SRM 2723a Sulfur in Diesel Fuel Oil, validating method accuracy.     

Understanding and improving direct UV detection of monosaccharides and disaccharides in free solution capillary electrophoresis

Direct UV detection of carbohydrates in free solution capillary electrophoresis at 270 nm is made possible by a photo-oxidation reaction. Glucose, rhamnose and xylose were shown to have unique UV absorption spectra hypothesizing different UV absorbing intermediates for their respective photo-oxidation. NMR spectroscopy of the photo-oxidation end products proved they consisted of carboxylates and not malondialdehyde as previously theorized and that oxygen thus plays a key role in the photo-oxidation pathway. Adding the photo-initiator Irgacure^® 2959 in the background electrolyte increased sensitivity by 40% at an optimum concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁴ mM and 1 × 10⁻⁸ mM for conventional 50 μm i.d. capillaries and for the corresponding extended light path capillaries, respectively.     

Arylspiroborates Derived from 4‐tert‐Butylcatechol and 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butylcatechol and Their Antimicrobial Activities

A family of arylspiroborates has been prepared by the addition of either 4‐tert‐butylcatechol or 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol to boric acid and an alkali metal hydroxide. All compounds were characterized fully using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and by elemental analyses. A single crystal X‐ray diffraction was carried out on potassium (bis‐(3,5‐di‐tertbutyl[1,2‐benzenediolato(2‐)‐O,O′]borate)) ( 8 ). All compounds displayed appreciable anti‐microbial activities.     

Sensitivity Analysis of the Design Parameters for the Calibration of Cable-driven Parallel Robots

Uncertainties in the kinematic parameters like the pulley positions take a major influence onto the force capability of a cable-driven parallel robot. For that purpose this paper describes a calibration method to estimate exactly the underlying kinematic parameters. As the kinematic is influenced by a variety of different parameter, the calibration can be very complex and time consuming. In this approach, a sensitivity analysis of a cable-driven parallel robot is presented to simplify and enhance the calibration. The results are discussed and the further steps are introduced. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the convergence rate improvement of a primal-dual splitting algorithm for solving monotone inclusion problems

We present two modified versions of the primal-dual splitting algorithm relying on forward–backward splitting proposed in V\(\tilde{\mathrm{u}}\) (Adv Comput Math 38(3):667–681, 2013) for solving monotone inclusion problems. Under strong monotonicity assumptions for some of the operators involved we obtain for the sequences of iterates that approach the solution orders of convergence of \(\mathcal{{O}}(\frac{1}{n})\) and \(\mathcal{{O}}(\omega ^n)\), for \(\omega \in (0,1)\), respectively. The investigated primal-dual algorithms are fully decomposable, in the sense that the operators are processed individually at each iteration. We also discuss the modified algorithms in the context of convex optimization problems and present numerical experiments in image processing and pattern recognition in cluster analysis.     

Synthesis of the dysiherbaine tetrahydropyran core utilizing improved tethered aminohydroxylation conditions

A concise stereoselective route to the dysiherbaine tetrahydropyran core was achieved in nine steps and 39% overall yield. Donohoe’s improved tethered aminohydroxylation conditions were employed to concurrently install the amino and alcohol groups and construct the tetrahydropyran ring, which features four contiguous cis-stereocenters.     

Tetrapyridyl tetraphenylethylenes: supramolecular building blocks with aggregation-induced emission properties

Two tetrapyridyl-substituted tetraphenylethylenes have been prepared via Suzuki coupling between tetrabromo tetraphenylethylene and 3- or 4-pyridine boronic acid. Both compounds exhibit aggregation-induced emission as determined by solid state fluorescence spectroscopy and solution phase fluorescence measurements performed in aqueous/organic solvent mixtures. Solution phase fluorescence was also found to be switchable as a function of pH. 3-Pyridyl-substituted tetraphenylethylene has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.