Optisch aktive 3-Amino-2H-azirine als Bausteine für enantiomerenreine αα-disubstituierte α-Aminosäuren: Synthese von Isovalin-Synthonen und Einbau in ein Trichotoxin-A-50-Segment

Optically Active 3-Amino-2H-azirines as Synthons for Enantiomerically Pure αα-Disubstiuted α-Amino Acids: Syntheses of Isovaline Synthons and a Segment of Trichotoxin A-50 The synthesis of a novel 3-amino-2-methyl-2-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-2H-azirine derivative 12 with a chiral substituent at the amino group is described. Chromatographic separation of the diastereoisomer mixture gave pure diastereoisomers which, after an electrochemical cleavage of the phenylsulfonyl group, yielded the (S)- and (R)-isovalin (Iva) synthons 13a and 13b , respectively. The absolute configuration of the precursor molecule 12b was established by X-ray crystallography. The Iva synthons were successfully used in the synthesis of the C-terminal pentapeptide Z-Leu-Aib-(R)-Iva-Gln-Valol of the peptaibole Trichotoxin A-50 and its epimer.     

Optimization of a GFAAS method for determination of total inorganic arsenic in drinking water

The new 10 μg l⁻¹ arsenic standard in drinking water has been a spur to the search for reliable routine analytical methods with a limit of detection at the μg l⁻¹ level. These methods also need to be easy to handle due to the routine analyses that are required in drinking water monitoring. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) meets these requirements, but the limit of detection is generally too high except for methods using a pre-concentration or separation step. The use of a high-intensity boosted discharge hollow-cathode lamp decreases the baseline noise level and therefore allows a lower limit of detection. The temperature program, chemical matrix modifier and thermal stabilizer additives were optimized for total inorganic arsenic determination with GFAAS, without preliminary treatment. The optimal furnace program was validated with a proprietary software. The limit of detection was 0.26 μg As l⁻¹ for a sample volume of 16 μl corresponding to 4.2 pg As. This attractive technique is rapid as 20 samples can be analysed per hour. This method was validated with arsenic reference solutions. Its applicability was verified with artificial and natural groundwaters. Recoveries from 91 to 105% with relative standard deviation <5% can be easily achieved. The effect of interfering anions and cations commonly found in groundwater was studied. Only phosphates and silicates (respectively at 4 and 20 mg l⁻¹) lead to significant interferences in the determination of total inorganic arsenic at 4 μg l⁻¹.     

Free-energy calculations of protein-ligand cation-pi and amino-pi interactions: from vacuum to proteinlike environments

To probe the role of cation-pi and amino-pi interactions in the context of protein-ligand interactions, the stability of 55 X-ray cation/amino-pi motifs involving the Ade moieties of cofactor molecules and Arg, Lys, Asn, or Gln side chains of their host protein was evaluated using quantum chemistry calculations. The conjunction of vacuum interaction energies, vibrational entropy, and solvation contributions led to identify Arg-Ade as the most favorable cation/amino-pi complex in the solvents considered, followed by Asn/Gln-Ade and Lys-Ade: their minimum interaction free energies are approximately equal to -7, -4, and -2 kcal/mol, respectively, in the solvents of dielectric constant similar to that estimated for proteins (i.e., acetone, THF, and CCl(4)). Remarkably, these free-energy values of cation/amino-pi interactions correlate well with their frequency of occurrences in protein-ligand structures, which corroborates our approach in the absence of experimental data.     

Use of electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the study of europium(III) complexation with bis(dialkyltriazinyl)pyridines and its implications in the design of new extracting agents

ESI mass spectrometry was used to investigate the europium complexation by tridentate ligands L identical with 2,6-bis(5,6-dialkyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-pyridines (DATP) that have shown unique separation properties of actinides(III) from lanthanides(III) in nitric acid solutions. Complexes of three ligands, namely methyl (DMTP), n-propyl (DnPTP), and iso-propyl (DiPTP), have been investigated in acidic solutions to check the aqueous-phase stability of Eu(L)(3)(3+) ions identified previously in the solid state. The data obtained show, first, the presence of stable Eu(L)(3)(3+) ions with DnPTP (log beta(3)(app) = 12.0 +/- 0.5) and DiPTP (log beta(3)(app) = 14.0 +/- 0.6) in methanol/water (1:1 v/v) solutions under pH range 2.8-4.6 and, second, a mechanism whereby alkyl moieties contribute to a self-assembling process leading to the formation of Eu(L)(3)(3+) ions. Other complexes such as Eu(L)(2)(3+) ions are only observed for DnPTP (log beta(2)(app) = 6.7 +/- 0.5) and DMTP (log beta(2)(app) = 6.3 +/- 0.1) and Eu(L)(3+) only for DMTP (log beta(1)(app) = 2.9 +/- 0.2). The log beta(n)(app) values for the Eu(L)(n)(3+) (n = 1-3) complexes were determined at pH 2.8. Better insight was given in this study concerning the role of the hydrophobic exterior of the ligands for the design of a new range of extracting agents.     

Design and characterization of libraries of molecular fragments for use in NMR screening against protein targets

We have designed four generations of a low molecular weight fragment library for use in NMR-based screening against protein targets. The library initially contained 723 fragments which were selected manually from the Available Chemicals Directory. A series of in silico filters and property calculations were developed to automate the selection process, allowing a larger database of 1.79 M available compounds to be searched for a further 357 compounds that were added to the library. A kinase binding pharmacophore was then derived to select 174 kinase-focused fragments. Finally, an additional 61 fragments were selected to increase the number of different pharmacophores represented within the library. All of the fragments added to the library passed quality checks to ensure they were suitable for the screening protocol, with appropriate solubility, purity, chemical stability, and unambiguous NMR spectrum. The successive generations of libraries have been characterized through analysis of structural properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity, polar surface area, number of rotatable bonds, and hydrogen-bonding potential) and by analyzing their pharmacophoric complexity. These calculations have been used to compare the fragment libraries with a drug-like reference set of compounds and a set of molecules that bind to protein active sites. In addition, an analysis of the overall results of screening the library against the ATP binding site of two protein targets (HSP90 and CDK2) reveals different patterns of fragment binding, demonstrating that the approach can find selective compounds that discriminate between related binding sites.     

Equilibrium and Kinetics of NO and CO Chemisorptions on Nonstoichiometric Nickel-Copper Manganites

The equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of NO and CO on nonstoichiometric nickel-copper manganites have been investigated through volumetric measurements. The adsorption isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to the Freundlich equation. The equilibrium coverages at 298 K were found to depend closely on the chemical composition of the oxide; thus, a decrease in the coverage beyond a maximum copper extent was observed. The adsorption isotherms of NO at various temperatures in the range from 298 to 473 K showed that the equilibrium coverage decreases with increasing temperature. This behavior enabled us to follow the logarithmic decrease of the heat of adsorption of NO on such surfaces. The adsorptions of NO and CO on surfaces preadsorbed with CO and NO, respectively, were also studied. These experiments showed the ability of NO to displace CO preadsorbed molecules whereas the contrary did not hold, suggesting the existence of common adsorption sites as well as some specific CO adsorption sites. Finally, some kinetic data are reported showing that the experimental adsorption results fit the Elovich equation (with t(0) approximately 0), although two distinct rate processes could be identified. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Metabolite profiling in rat urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Application to the study of heavy metal toxicity

This work reports the use of reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometry for the analysis of the metabolome in rat urine. An injection of 20 microL of urine into the chromatographic system is followed by a slow gradient elution and mass spectrometric detection in the scanning mode from m/z 100-1000 in both positive and negative modes. Over a time scale of 90 min, 30 and 20 resolved peaks were observed in the positive and the negative modes, respectively, corresponding to the presence of a few hundred m/z ratios. By using a QIT analyzer, data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry of selected m/z ratios identified several compounds in rat urine and characterized various chemical families, including carboxylic acids, amines, sulfated compounds, glucuronides and glycosides, by the observation of characteristic fragment ions or neutral losses. The method has been applied to the investigation of the chronic toxicity of heavy metals in rat urine. A few tens of m/z ratios, differing in intensity more than threefold from control values, were observed in both positive and negative modes. The time variations for some selected ions suggest that LC/ESI-MS could allow selective characterization of biomarkers in response to specific toxic compounds.     

Pressurised solvent extraction for organotin speciation in vegetable matrices

Because organotin compounds (OTC) are widely used in many fields of activity, they have become an ubiquitous environmental presence. The presence of organotins in the environment impacts upon food safety, making it important to monitor the levels of organotin pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Nevertheless, only a few studies have been published on organotin speciation in plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and optimise a specific procedure based on pressurised solvent extraction (PSE) that is suitable for monitoring organotin content in vegetables. In ASE, solvents are used at elevated temperatures and pressures to increase the rate and efficiency of the extraction process. The results from this procedure were compared to those from the technique usually employed, solid/liquid extraction (SLE) performed in an acidic solvent by mechanical shaking. Three extracting solutions were tested—methanol, ethyl acetate and a mixture of methanol and ethyl acetate—and the mixture was found to give the most quantitative results while preserving the speciation. French bean and lettuce leaves as well as potato tubers were used as the plant materials. These vegetables were considered because they are the vegatables consumed in the most quantities in Europe. The study focuses on trisubstituted OTCs, which are the most toxic tin species. The samples were spiked with four trisubstituted organotins: tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPhT), tricyclohexyltin (TcHexT) and trioctyltin (TOcT). The influence of the pressure and the temperature of the PSE on the quantitativity of the process and on species preservation was evaluated using the experimental design methodology. The optimised PSE allowed detection limits down to 1–2 ng (Sn) g^–1 to be reached. These are higher than those obtained by SLE (0.1–1 ng (Sn) g^–1). Although the repeatability is similar for both PSE and SLE (2–12% for triorganotin compounds), this appears to be highly time-dependent in the case of SLE. Comparison with SLE confirms that PSE is an interesting tool for vegetable analysis considering the satisfactory OTC preservation and repeatability obtained for a relatively short extraction duration (only 15 min against 2–12 h for SLE).     

Regulation of cell cycle drivers by Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases

The last decade has revealed new roles for Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) in a myriad of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression. In addition to CRL1, also named SCF (SKP1-Cullin 1-F box protein), which has been known for decades as an important factor in the regulation of the cell cycle, it is now evident that all eight CRL family members are involved in the intricate cellular pathways driving cell cycle progression. In this review, we summarize the structure of CRLs and their functions in driving the cell cycle. We focus on how CRLs target key proteins for degradation or otherwise alter their functions to control the progression over the various cell cycle phases leading to cell division. We also summarize how CRLs and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ligase complex closely cooperate to govern efficient cell cycle progression.Subject terms: Drug development, Targeted therapies, Origin firing, Chromatin remodelling, Post-translational modifications     

Synthesis of a New Bivalent Hirudin Analog (hirufos), which includes a stable 4′-phosphono-L-phenylalanine mimic of (L-tyrosine O4-sulfate)-63

The synthesis on solid phase of a new derivative of the anticoagulant protein hirudin is described (see Scheme and Fig.1, I ). The henicosapeptide is a bivalent conjugate of the C-terminus of hirudin and of the active-site-binding tetrapeptide D -Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro linked via a tetraglycine spacer. The peptide, for which the name hirufos was coined, incorporates a stable phosphono derivative of L -phenylalanine which, combined with the other structural modifications, leads to a potent anticoagulant agent. Synthesis was readily achieved by the (9H-fluoren-9-yl)-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) strategy followed by acidolytic cleavage from the resin and deprotection, including the liberation of the crucial phosphonic group on L -phenylalanine.